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11.
G.M. Sawyer C. Oppenheimer V.I. Tsanev G. Yirgu 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2008
Here we report measurements of the chemical composition and flux of gas emitted from the central lava lake at Erta 'Ale volcano (Ethiopia) made on 15 October 2005. We determined an average SO2 flux of ∼ 0.69 ± 0.17 kg s− 1 using zenith sky ultraviolet spectroscopy of the plume, and molar proportions of magmatic H2O, CO2, SO2, CO, HCl and HF gases to be 93.58, 3.66, 2.47, 0.06, 0.19 and 0.04%, respectively, by open-path Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry. Together, these data imply fluxes of 7.3, 0.7, 0.008, 0.03 and 0.004 kg s− 1 for H2O, CO2, CO, HCl and HF, respectively. These are the first FTIR spectroscopic observations at Erta 'Ale, and are also some of the very few gas measurements made at the volcano since the early 1970s (Gerlach, T.M., 1980b. Investigation of volcanic gas analyses and magma outgassing from Erta 'Ale lava lake, Afar, Ethiopia. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 7(3–4): 415–441). We identify significant increases in the proportion of H2O in the plume with respect to both CO2 and SO2 across this 30-year interval, which we attribute to the depletion of volatiles in magma that sourced effusive eruptions during the early 1970s and/or to fractional magma degassing between the two active pit craters located in the summit caldera. 相似文献
12.
Christoph Kern Holger Sihler Leif Vogel Claudia Rivera Martha Herrera Ulrich Platt 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2009,71(6):659-670
Active Long Path Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (LP-DOAS) measurements of halogen oxides were conducted at Masaya
Volcano, in Nicaragua from April 14 to 26, 2007. The active LP-DOAS system allowed night-time halogen measurements and reduced
the ClO detection limit by an order of magnitude when compared to previous passive DOAS measurements, as wavelengths below
300 nm could be used for the DOAS retrievals. BrO was detected with an average BrO/SO2 molecular ratio of approximately 3 × 10−5 during the day. However, BrO values were below the detection limit of the instrument for all night-time measurements, a strong
indication that BrO is not directly emitted, but rather the result of photochemical formation in the plume itself according
to the autocatalytic “bromine explosion” mechanism. Despite the increased sensitivity, both ClO and OClO could not be detected.
The achieved upper limits for the X/SO2 ratios were 5 × 10−3 and 7 × 10−6, respectively. A rough calculation suggests that ClO and OClO should be present at similar abundances in volcanic plumes.
Since the DOAS technique is orders of magnitude more sensitive for OClO than for ClO, this indicates that OClO should always
be detectable in plumes in which ClO is found. However, further LP-DOAS studies are needed to conclusively clarify the role
of chlorine oxides in volcanic plumes. 相似文献
13.
利用差分吸收光谱仪DOAS(differential optical absorption spectroscopy),对2007年11月-2008年1月南京北郊大气SO_2、NO_2和O_3进行了观测.结合Parsivel降水粒子谱仪和自动气象站的资料,对冬季大气污染气体的浓度变化规律及降水和风速风向对其的影响进行了分析.结果表明,南京北郊大气SO_2浓度较高,呈明显双峰特征,分别在12时(北京时,下同)和00时达最大,受附近排放源的影响最大,东风及南风时比静风时SO_2浓度更高.降水对SO_2湿清除效果明显,清除系数平均为0.168h~(-1).NO_2气体呈明显单峰特征,在18时达最高值.南京北郊是NO_2源区之一,主要受附近高速公路汽车尾气排放源的影响.静风时NO_2浓度最高.O_3浓度受NO_2的影响较明显.O_3日变化呈单峰特征,在15时达最大值,静风时O_3浓度最低.降水对O_3的间接影响较明显,在降水时,白天由于太阳辐射较弱,O_3浓度降低;夜晚NO浓度较低,使得O_3浓度升高. 相似文献
14.
基于扫描差分光学吸收光谱（DOAS）系统,于2007年8月27日~9月4日期间对北京市朝阳区大气污染物SO2,HCHO,O3和NO2的垂直分布进行了连续监测,并对污染物垂直廓线进行了分析,详细探讨了SO2垂直分布特征以及夜间NO对O3的滴定作用.结果表明,SO2浓度通常没有明显垂直分层分布特征,但在清晨风速较低时呈现负梯度变化.研究发现夜间O3、NO和NO2之间存在稳态作用,表明城市区域O3的滴定主要来自于地面NO的直接排放,显示出NO的滴定作用对夜间O3、NO和NO2的垂直变化起到重要作用. 相似文献
15.
差分吸收光谱技术(DOAS)已经被广泛用于各种污染气体浓度的测量,其中影响其测量精度的主要因素就是气体吸收截面的测量.利用Lambert Beer 吸收定律以及自主设计的测量装置对大气的主要污染气体NO的吸收截面进行了测量,并采用多项式拟合的方法提高了测量的精度,根据所测得的吸收截面反演了NO气体的浓度值,取得了良好的效果. 相似文献
16.
Tamar Elias A. Jeff Sutton Clive Oppenheimer Keith A. Horton Harold Garbeil Vitchko Tsanev Andrew J. S. McGonigle Glyn Williams-Jones 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2006,68(4):313-322
The correlation spectrometer (COSPEC), the principal tool for remote measurements of volcanic SO2, is rapidly being replaced by low-cost, miniature, ultraviolet (UV) spectrometers. We compared two of these new systems with
a COSPEC by measuring SO2 column amounts at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii. The two systems, one calibrated using in-situ SO2 cells, and the other using a calibrated laboratory reference spectrum, employ similar spectrometer hardware, but different
foreoptics and spectral retrieval algorithms. Accuracy, signal-to-noise, retrieval parameters, and precision were investigated
for the two configurations of new miniature spectrometer. Measurements included traverses beneath the plumes from the summit
and east rift zone of Kīlauea, and testing with calibration cells of known SO2 concentration. The results obtained from the different methods were consistent with each other, with <8% difference in estimated
SO2 column amounts up to 800 ppm m. A further comparison between the COSPEC and one of the miniature spectrometer configurations,
the ‘FLYSPEC’, spans an eight month period and showed agreement of measured emission rates to within 10% for SO2 column amounts up to 1,600 ppm m. The topic of measuring high SO2 burdens accurately is addressed for the Kīlauea measurements. In comparing the foreoptics, retrieval methods, and resultant
implications for data quality, we aim to consolidate the various experiences to date, and improve the application and development
of miniature spectrometer systems. 相似文献
17.
IDOAS: A new monitoring technique to study the 2D distribution of volcanic gas emissions 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
N. Bobrowski G. Hnninger F. Lohberger U. Platt 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2006,150(4):329-338
Imaging Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (IDOAS) is an optical remote-sensing method using scattered sunlight as light source. It combines a “pushbroom” imaging spectrometer with the DOAS technique and thus allows imaging two-dimensional trace gas distributions, e.g., in volcanic plumes. The highly sensitive and specific detection of many trace gases simultaneously (specific molecules, not just elements, e.g. SO2, BrO, NO2, O3, HCHO, etc.) is possible, and the temporal and spatial variation of these gases can be measured. The IDOAS system presented here enables the taking of two-dimensional images of trace gas distributions in a volcanic plume with a spatial resolution of 100 pixels horizontally × 64 pixels vertically, each with a field of view of 0.087° in horizontal and 0.208° in vertical directions. Therefore, IDOAS provides useful information about the chemical composition and chemical variability in a volcanic plume and allows studying plume dispersal and chemical transformations. The technique was applied to map the SO2 distribution in the plume of Mt. Etna volcano for the first time in October 2003. 相似文献
18.
Observations of the Nitrate Radical in the Marine Boundary Layer 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
B. J. Allan N. Carslaw H. Coe R. A. Burgess J. M. C. Plane 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1999,33(2):129-154
A study of the nitrate radical (NO3) has been conducted through a series of campaigns held at the Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory, located on the coast of north Norfolk, England. The NO3 concentration was measured in the lower boundary layer by the technique of differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS). Although the set of observations is limited, seasonal patterns are apparent. In winter, the NO3 concentration in semi-polluted continental air masses was found to be of the order of 10 ppt, with an average turnover lifetime of 2.4 minutes. During summer in clean northerly air flows, the concentration was about 6 ppt with a lifetime of 7.2 minutes. The major loss mechanisms for the radical were investigated in some detail by employing a chemical box model, constrained by a suite of ancillary measurements. The model indicates that during the semi-polluted conditions experienced in winter, the major loss of NO3 occurred indirectly through reactions of N2O5, either in the gas-phase with H2O, or through uptake on aerosols. The most important direct loss was via reactions of NO3 with a number of unsaturated nonmethane hydrocarbons. The cleaner air masses observed during the summer were of marine origin and contained elevated concentrations of dimethyl sulfide (DMS), which provided the major loss route for NO3. The box model was then used to investigate the conditions in the remote marine boundary layer under which DMS will be oxidised more rapidly at night (by NO3) than during the day (by OH). This should occur if the concentration of NO2 is more than about 60% that of DMS. 相似文献
19.
NO2是主要的大气痕量气体, 对流层NO2垂直柱密度分布图已经用于诸如污染排放和污染物分布的科学应用研究。就NO2柱浓度的卫星差分光谱吸收反演算法(DOAS)进行了评述, 包括误差分析、验证和发展趋势。对DOAS算法中的主要技术环节进行了详细的阐述, 如ring效应算法、平流层NO2浓度算法和大气质量因子(AMF)问题。论文描述了影响卫星反演NO2浓度, 如云、NO2廓线的先验数据和气溶胶等不确定性因素。针对NO2反演应用需求提出了今后应该加强的内容, 如进一步加强NO2算法研究、发展空气质量探测的静止卫星、重视基于地基多轴被动DOAS和机载平台成像DAOS观测对卫星反演结果的验证。 相似文献