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11.
High frequency wind and temperature measurements, obtained in March 1995 from a 10-m tower array situated in south-east Kansas, are used to analyze the structure of a shallow density current. This current is approximately 7 m deep and exhibits a current head that is estimated to be about twice the current depth. The event lasted approximately 900 s and its origin appears to be a shallow slope 2–:5 km to the west of the site, where cold air drainage occurs. The onset of the event is marked by a 5 °C temperature decrease at the 3-m level, increased variance of temperature and of wind velocity, and increased dissipation of kinetic energy, measured by a hot-wire anemometer at the 3-m level. The primary contributors to temperature changes following the frontal passage are both horizontal and vertical advections; contributions from flux divergences of temperature and of radiation, and from dew formation, do not appear to be significant. Postulated frontogenesis, prior to the arrival of the apparent equilibrated front of approximately 176-m width at the site, is examined by means of a theoretical model. The time required to equilibrate the front, by means of kinetic energy dissipation within the frontal zone, is determined to be less than 300 s, or less than the estimated travel time from the orographic slope to the observational site. The absence of upstream data is determined, however, to be a limitation of the analysis performed. 相似文献
12.
If the initial fields are not in geostrophic balance, the adjustment and evolution will occur in the stratified fluid, and the frontogenesis will occur under suitable conditions. The evolution is studied here with a nonhydrostatic fully compressible meso-scale model (Advanced Regional Prediction System, ARPS). Four cases are designed and compared: (i) control experiment; (ii) with different initial temperature gradient; (iii) with vapor distribution; (iv) with orographic forcing. The results show that: (1) there is an inertial oscillation in the evolution of the imbalanced flow with the frequency of the local Coriolis f, and with its amplitude de-creasing with time. The stationary balanced state can only be approached as it cannot be reached in the limit duration of time, The energy conversion ratio varies in the range of [0, 1 / 3]; (2) the stronger initial tempera-ture gradient can make the final energy conversion ratio higher, and vice versa; (3) suitable vapor distribu-tion is favorable for the frontogenesis. It will bring forward the time of the frontogenesis, strengthen the in-tensity of the cold front, and influence the final energy conversion ratio; (4) the orographic forcing has an ev-idently strengthening effect on the frontogenesis. The strengthening effect on the frontogenesis and the influ-ence on the final energy conversion ratio depend on the relative location of the mountain to the cold front. 相似文献
13.
滇黔准静止锋诱发贵州春季暴雨的锋生机制分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用卫星云图、常规地面观测资料和逐6 h的1°×1°NCEP再分析资料,对2003-2006年春季滇黔准静止锋背景下,出现的5次贵州暴雨天气过程进行了诊断分析和总结。结果表明:在准静止锋背景下,贵州春季暴雨是由高低空急流、高空槽、冷空气与准静止锋的共同作用产生的。低空急流将大量的水汽从孟加拉湾和北部湾输送到贵州,不断积累对流有效位能;高空急流的加速增强了"高层辐散、低层辐合"的大尺度上升运动,并通过急流下侧的正环流圈带动冷空气南下,使得准静止锋活跃锋生,是暴雨天气过程的触发机制。锋生现象分析表明,高空急流加速导致对流层中高层极锋锋区内锋生和对流层中层正环流圈的形成,加强了准静止锋附近的水平变形和垂直运动,进而促使锋生加强。水平变形和垂直运动对暴雨的产生也有直接影响:水平变形项范围越大则降雨强度越强,与垂直运动相关的倾斜项移动与在准静止锋附近生成的强对流云团的移动方向一致。准静止锋与贵州春季的暴雨过程关系密切,暴雨落区集中分布在准静止锋南侧1个纬距带内。高空急流加速度、冷锋附近的水汽辐合强度以及对流有效位能的高能舌区范围对暴雨范围和强度有指示作用。基于以上锋生机制,提炼了滇黔准静止锋诱发贵州春季暴雨的物理模型。 相似文献
14.
低层锋生型暴雨特征合成分析 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
应用湖北省县级以上84个气象观测站点24 h降水资料,统计分析了2008—2011年5—8月低层锋生类型10场暴雨的雨量特征,对天气系统和各种物理量特征进行合成分析。结果发现:低层锋生型暴雨主要是由于低层锋生强迫触发不稳定能量的释放,同时形成跨锋面的次级正环流,其上升支与高层次级反环流的上升支在暴雨区上空叠加,形成深厚的上升运动区,触发位势不稳定能量的释放。在中层槽前正涡度平流、低层西南急流风速辐合以及锋面倾斜导致倾斜涡度发展等共同作用下,中尺度低涡发生发展。中尺度低涡中心区域和低涡移向的右前方动力水汽辐合最强烈,是暴雨发生的主要区域。 相似文献
15.
华东地区6-7月锋生的气候学特征及环流结构 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用中国华东地区212个站点2000-2010年6-7月逐日降水资料和NCEP/NACR再分析资料,运用运动学锋生函数公式,分析了华东地区6-7月锋生、锋面及其环流结构的气候学特征。结果表明,锋生函数值在华东区域呈现不均匀分布,且不同性质的运动学锋生具有不同的锋生强度和分布。其中,江淮地区是6-7月综合锋生最强的区域。根据风场在850 hPa强锋生带的切变及辐合情况,将6-7月的锋生类型分成4个大类,即暖切变型锋生、冷切变型锋生、西风辐合型锋生、东风辐合型锋生,其中,冷切变型锋生又分为两个亚类。不同类型的锋生个例数不同,江淮地区最多的是暖切变型锋生。不同锋面的水平结构与垂直结构存在显著差异,但对于强锋生过程,340 K假相当位温等值线与锋区平行且穿过锋区,其对判断强锋生过程和锋区位置具有指示意义。强锋生事件的出现有其大尺度环流背景,而不同类型的强锋生事件的环流背景差异较大:背景气旋或反气旋环流的中心位置、强度、辐散辐合场的分布、垂直环流结构等方面有不同程度的差异。降水与锋生强度紧密相关。锋生较强时,降水较多。暖切变型锋生日降水量最大,降水发生在锋区内部,与强锋生带走向一致;冷切变型次,两种类型的降水均发生在锋区的南侧,呈东北—西南走向;西风辐合再次之,降水发生在锋区内部偏南一侧。 相似文献
16.
Geostrophic adjustment of frontal anomalies in a rotating continuously stratified fluid is studied in the standard framework of strictly rectilinear fronts and jets. Lagrangian approach to this problem is developed allowing to analyze, in a conceptually and technically simple way, both major problems of the nonlinear adjustment: the existence of a smooth adjusted state for a given set of initial conditions and the attainability of the adjusted state during the adjustment process. Dynamical splitting into balanced (adjusted state) and unbalanced (inertia-gravity waves) motions becomes transparent in the Lagrangian approach. Conditions of existence of the balanced state in the unbounded domain are established. It is shown that nonexistence of a smooth adjusted state in the vertically bounded domains is generic and a parallel with the classical scenario of deformation frontogenesis is developed. Small perturbations around smooth adjusted states are then studied with special emphasis on the wave-trapping inside the jet/front. Trapped modes with horizontal scales comparable to the width of the jet are explicitly constructed for a barotropic jet and their evolution is studied with the help of the WKB-approximation for weakly baroclinic jets. Modifications of the standard scenario of adjustment due to subinertial (quasi-) trapped modes and implications for data analysis are discussed. 相似文献
17.
Anthony Kay 《地球物理与天体物理流体动力学》2013,107(4):297-323
We consider inviscid rotating flow driven by a horizontally quadratic density variation in a horizontally unbounded slab. This configuration permits a similarity solution, removing the dependence on the horizontal coordinate from the vorticity and temperature equations, which are then solved by numerical integration along characteristics. At large values of Rossby number, the flow proceeds to a singularity in a similar manner to the non-rotating flow with the same initial conditions. At small values of Rossby number there are inertial oscillations of growing amplitude, which have been analysed using the method of multiple scales. The oscillations become desynchronised between the upper and lower parts of the domain, and static instability appears for a small fraction of each oscillation period. Eventually the oscillations give way to the rapid formation of a singularity, in contrast to geostrophic adjustment theory which predicts that a singularity will form only if the Rossby number is sufficiently large. 相似文献
18.
牟欢 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2016,10(3):59-65
利用常规天气观测资料、美国NCEP 1°×1°逐6 h再分析资料,应用天气学原理和天气动力诊断分析方法,对2014年4月22—24日一场春季强寒潮降温天气("4·23"强寒朝)进行分析。结果表明:(1)前期北疆500 hPa上空被弱脊控制,欧洲脊强烈发展,强北风带建立,中高纬环流由纬向转为经向。中期欧洲脊衰退,引导冷空气向东南爆发,长波槽迅速东移南下侵入北疆,造成了本次寒潮天气。(2)寒潮爆发前期,日平均气温较历年同期偏高以及地形因素是导致冷空气强烈爆发、气温陡降的有利因素。(3)沿46°N的垂直温度平流、θ_(se)剖面图可以分析得出,地面冷锋先与高空锋面进入新疆境内,冷空气在6 h内迅速移动并且强度明显加强。(4)锋生函数分析表明强降温的区域、寒潮的路径和起始时间与其中心变化有很好的对应关系,可以清楚地分析出冷空气的时空变化。 相似文献
19.
三种温湿参数下昆明准静止锋锋面位置及锋生函数诊断的对比分析 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
针对2008年1~2月昆明准静止锋天气过程,讨论了位温、相当位温和广义位温三个温湿参数及其对应的锋生函数,对比分析结果表明:（1）广义位温因其湿度因子权重过大,不适用于分析以温度梯度定义的昆明准静止锋锋面位置和强度;（2）理想状态下的干大气位温和饱和大气相当位温仅与气压和温度有关,均能较好地反映大气温度场特征,适用于昆明准静止锋的分析,比较而言相当位温对温度锋区的描述更为显著;（3）用位温或相当位温计算锋生函数所得结果直接表达了因温度场变化导致的锋面生消状况,而用广义位温计算锋生函数所得结果同时包含温度锋生（消）和湿度锋生（消）两种情况,不能简洁地判断昆明准静止锋锋面生消状况。 相似文献
20.
江苏近10 a高架雷暴特征分析 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
对2007—2016年发生在江苏地区的冬半年雷暴进行特征分析,筛选出12次典型的高架雷暴天气过程,揭示江苏发生高架雷暴的时空分布特征和典型的环流形势,发现逆温层顶之上的不稳定浅层和上下层强垂直风切变分别为高架雷暴的发生提供弱热力不稳定和强动力不稳定条件。强垂直风切变、850 hPa附近强烈的锋生导致的锋面次级环流,高空槽前正涡度平流随高度增加以及高层辐散、低层辐合造成的抽吸作用,为高架雷暴的发生和维持提供逆温层之上的动力抬升条件。高架雷暴发生时高仰角反射率因子呈现出类似零度层亮带的环形特征,对流单体不断生成在圆环附近。初步归纳了江苏高架雷暴的预报着眼点:500 hPa先后高空槽东移,700 hPa有16 m·s~(-1)以上的西南急流,850 hPa切变线东伸,存在逆温层顶高于1. 5 km,逆温强度大于5℃的较强逆温,0～6 km垂直风切变超过18 m·s~(-1),700 hPa与500 hPa温度差在15℃以上以及700hPa的相对湿度高于80%,且比湿在5～6 g·kg~(-1)。 相似文献