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11.
《Geoforum》2014
Adaptation to climate change is widely recognized as a multi-level governance challenge because expected impacts and respective measures cut across governmental levels, sectors and societal domains. The present paper analyses the role of regional adaptation partnerships in Canada and England in the multi-level governance of climate change adaptation. We describe and compare three partnerships per country with regard to their evolution, membership and governing structures, coordination across levels and societal domains, and their adaptation activities and outputs. Although both partnership schemes represent new collaborative approaches, their genesis and governance differ. While the Canadian collaboratives are a government-centred approach that originated and partly operated top-down through a national programme for the period 2009–2012, the English partnerships follow a more pluralistic stakeholder-centred approach that evolved bottom-up already in the early 2000s. Both schemes have in common that they mediate between governmental levels, foster networking between public and private actors, and eventually build adaptive capacities and inform adaptation policies. We conclude that regional adaptation partnerships represent a new governance approach that facilitates climate change adaptation, albeit with limits. Since state actors play(ed) key roles in both partnership schemes, they do not represent a new sphere of authority outside the state. Instead of blurring or destabilizing governmental levels they complement (and perhaps even stabilise) them with multi-level interactions. 相似文献
12.
Institutional ambiguity in implementing the European Union Marine Strategy Framework Directive 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This article addresses the institutional ambiguity that exists between the European, Regional and Member State levels in the implementation of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). The two main reasons for the emergence of institutional ambiguity are (1) the MSFD being a framework directive and (2) Member States are required to coordinate the implementation of the MFSD through the Regional Sea Conventions. Institutional ambiguity refers to the interference zone between different institutional settings that come together in new policy practices. New rules of the game are needed to bring these institutional settings together and the room to manoeuvre for the actors who negotiate these rules is a defining feature of institutional ambiguity. This article analyses the institutional ambiguity associated with MSFD implementation on the European and regional level for four European Seas: the North Sea, the Baltic Sea, the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea. The results indicate different levels of institutional ambiguity in each of the four regions, with the lowest level of ambiguity in the Baltic Sea and the highest in the Mediterranean Sea. Institutional ambiguity also exists on the European level, as coordination efforts have not resulted in clear directions for the implementation of the MSFD as yet. The level of institutional ambiguity is influenced by the relative number of EU member states bordering the particular sea and whether they consider implementation of the MFSD to be urgent. Member States bordering the Mediterranean and the Black Seas lack the support of Regional Sea Conventions in addition to receiving limited direction from the European level. 相似文献
13.
关于网格资源调度的探讨 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
随着计算机网络技术的飞速发展, 出现了第三代Internet技术网格计算(Grid Computing)。 网格是一种异构、 动态、 分布式的计算环境。 网格资源管理是网格的核心组件, 文中介绍了网格资源管理的特点, 分析了Globus工具集网格资源管理的核心组件。 网格资源调度是网格资源管理的核心部分, 也是网格资源管理中极其繁琐复杂的问题。 基于分析网格计算环境中资源管理的结构特点, 分析和总结了网格调度策略, 提出了多级资源调度模式, 给出了多级资源调度的模式。 相似文献
14.
根据张掖市黑河流域湿地所处的生态区域、湿地成因和受干扰因素的影响程度及湿地过程的自然特征,同时,还考虑到研究区湿地资源的利用涉及多个部门和多个利益主体,提出了张掖市黑河流域湿地分层保护管理模式;根据张掖市黑河流域湿地研究现状,提出张掖市黑河流域湿地科学研究内容及研究方向,为西北干旱半干旱区内陆河流域湿地研究与保护提供示范和参考。 相似文献
15.
尺度依赖性、空间依赖性和空间非均质性是空间信息的本质特征,如何在空间分析中综合考虑以上特征目前仍缺少有效方法.本文提出的空间信息分层复合分析模型通过“回归的回归”两阶段分析建立包含空间异质性、空间依赖关系与空间尺度效应的空间单元综合回归模型,有助于解决空间分析中数据的多维复杂性涉及的尺度效应、空间依赖性和空间异质性综合... 相似文献
16.
In almost three-quarters of OECD countries, income inequality has increased over the past three decades. Canada is among those countries experiencing the fastest growth in inequality, especially since the mid-1990s. While there is an important literature dealing with rising inequality at the national-level, much less attention has been devoted to sub-national variations in the distribution of earnings, and to the potential causes of such differences. This paper investigates recent changes in inequality across regions (i.e. defined as census divisions) in Canada. It does so using micro-data from the 20% long-form sample of the Census for the years 1996, 2001 and 2006. Exploratory spatial data analysis suggests that there are widening divides between (i) regions located in western provinces (where earnings inequality is typically high) and their eastern provinces counterparts (where inequality is low) and (ii) urban and rural regions. A multi-level model is developed to examine the factors influencing these differences in earnings inequality. Multi-level analysis recognizes the nested structure of regions within provinces and accounts for the shared policy and institutional environments experienced by regions within the same province. At the regional level, modeling results indicate that economic development, industry mix, unemployment, ethnic composition, the distribution of educational attainment and population density are consistent predictors of inequality. In contrast, the effects of age and gender profiles on regional inequality are mixed. At the provincial level, institutional factors also matter. 相似文献
17.
《Marine Policy》2016
The Belgian MPA designation process started in 1999, a journey that was characterized by several conflicts related to the multi-level government system in Belgium and obstacles, e.g. the de-designation of the Special Area of Conservation (SAC) 'Vlakte van de Raan' in 2008. On the other hand a number of successful events could be noted as well, e.g. the designation of three Special Protection Areas (SPAs) in 2005 in front of the three marine harbors, and the extension of the SAC 'Trapegeer-Stroombank' (designated in 2005) to an area >30% of the BPNS surface in 2012 (now renamed to SAC 'Vlaamse Banken'). The most important aspects that contributed to the successful designation of these MPAs in the BPNS were (1) the appointment of a minister of the North Sea in 2003 (and 2011), who was dedicated and specifically mandated to coordinate all federal North Sea matters (thus excluding fisheries); (2) the growing awareness of the need for nature conservation through different EU Directives (e.g. Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD)); and (3) the level of stakeholder and public involvement, especially focusing on transparency throughout the process. 相似文献
18.
随着资源环境行业对地理信息人才需求的增加,结合目前地理信息系统专业在人才培养模式上的不足,如培养目标不清晰、课程体系与行业需求不协调、学生实践能力不足和缺乏特色专业教材等,本文提出了面向资源环境行业需求的多层次复合型地理信息人才培养模式,并从课程体系与教学方法、实践教学环节、开放式办学模式、特色专业建设和教师队伍建设等5个方面途径来阐述这一培养模式。 相似文献
19.
针对泥石流发生的复杂性和不确定性,运用模糊数学综合评价的方法,从人类活动、地质、地形和气象水文条件4个总目标和19个子目标,建立了泥石流易发性模糊综合评价模型.确定了目标因素等级及权重,对邱家沟,天须沟和长坡沟泥石流易发性进行了综合评价.结果表明,邱家沟泥石流易发性最大,天须沟次之,长坡沟最小. 相似文献
20.
Sustainability science needs approaches that allow for the integration of knowledge across disciplines and scales. This paper suggests an approach to conceptualize problems of unsustainability by embedding the Drivers-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) scheme within a multi-level institutional framework represented by Hägerstrand’s system of nested domains. The proposed taxonomy helps to decipher and to better understand key casual chains and societal responses at the appropriate spatial levels for particular sustainability problem areas. To illustrate the scheme more concretely the example of recent problem-solving efforts for Baltic Sea eutrophication driven by Swedish agriculture is examined. The discussion focuses on how the scheme fulfills the four research strategy requirements within the field of sustainability science and how the scheme is distinct from alternative approaches. 相似文献