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11.
Johann W.N. Tempelhoff 《Physics and Chemistry of the Earth》2009,34(3):164-175
The Vaal River Barrage, situated on the south-eastern border of the Gauteng Province, has been part of the hydrological landscape of South Africa’s most populous and economically active region for more than eight decades. After its completion in 1923 the Barrage was compromised by the construction, upstream, of the Vaal Dam (1930-1933). Today the Vaal River Barrage is primarily a storage facility of sewage and industrial waste water. South Africa’s transition to a multi-racial democracy in 1994 saw a number of socio-economic and political transformations that affected the water infrastructure. In the field of sanitation infrastructure in particular, conditions have deteriorated to the extent that the health of people in many parts of the country is being compromised.Using the Vaal River Barrage as a case study, this article outlines the efforts by civil society to make the relevant government sectors aware of this hazardous state of affairs. particular attention is given to save our Vaal environment (SAVE), a non-governmental organisation, at the helm of an active campaign to reduce pollution in the Vaal River Barrage. 相似文献
12.
Kathleen McAfee 《Geoforum》2008,39(1):148-160
Disputes about genetically engineered crops are linked to wider debates about the globalization of agro-food systems and its consequences for food security, social equity, and rural life. Biotechnology expert discourse rarely addresses these wider issues. An exception is the assessment of transgenic maize by the NAFTA Commission on Environmental Cooperation (CEC), which recommended a moratorium on Mexican imports of US-grown maize. Controversy about “contamination” of indigenous maize varieties by US-grown transgenic corn has been intensified by rising Mexican discontent with the terms of regional economic integration. In this context, scientists and officials were pressured to consider not only risks to maize biodiversity but also the ecological, and cultural characteristics of maize in its Mexican settings and the implications of asymmetric power in North American agricultural trade. In contrast to most narrowly-framed biotechnology risk assessments, the review took account of interventions by rural social movements. While the new moratorium was not adopted by the state, continuing conflicts over GMOs in Mexico have blocked introduction of transgenic maize and have enlarged the political space for debate over Mexico’s development direction. These conflicts reflect the differing interests of various state actors and economic sectors with regard to trade liberalization. They also reveal contrasting food-system paradigms: further agricultural modernization, export competition, and food-import dependence versus an alternative vision of revitalized rural life, farmers’ rights, and national food sovereignty. 相似文献
13.
Technical assistance (TA) has a long and varied history as a development practice. It initially emerged as a set of ‘hard’ programs, tools, and technologies delivered to developing countries by imported First World experts, typically in the agricultural and resource sectors. Later, in response to critical and antidevelopment theories, TA morphed into its ‘soft’ version, attempting to empower marginalized people in the Global South by delivering the know-how - often collaboratively generated - sufficient to produce forms of development ‘from below’. In spite of this shift in the politics and practices of TA, it remains susceptible to neoliberal styles of development that have proceeded apace with withdrawal of state institutions in the funding and operation of social and economic development programs, and with the concomitant rise of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs).In this paper, we follow the operation of one TA program operated by an intermediary NGO in Oaxaca, Mexico. We find that the program intersects with neoliberalization in two prominent ways, relying on a form of governmentality that codifies and prescribes: (a) the social spaces of action and need, and (b) learning subjects deficient in entrepreneurial initiative and know-how. We conclude by commenting on the political economic conditions that continue to underwrite TA as a development practice in spite of a decade or more of criticism directed at it and we consider the possibilities for its subversion. 相似文献
14.
ABSTRACTMitigating climate change is often framed as the ultimate collective action problem of this era and great emphasis is made on the need for approaches that foster ‘cooperation’ and ‘consensus’. This paper argues that the irony of this rhetoric could not be more stark; climate policy framing is an exclusionary process, and climate mitigating interventions that are engineered essentially to address neoliberal economic concerns rather than environmental challenges are often the source of multiple new conflicts. In this regard, this paper shows how the response of local non governmental organisations (NGOs) to hydropower development in the Darjeeling region of West Bengal in the Eastern Himalayas bears evidence to Gramscian analyses of ‘the manufacture of consent’ between elite bourgeois actors – the state, formal civil society, political parties and the private sector. Such ‘associational’ unions are only occasionally interrupted, as in the case of the people’s movement, Affected Citizens of Teesta (ACT) in North Sikkim. Finding a balance between resistance and enabling political space to think and act differently, the movement led to the cancellation of several hydropower projects put forward in the name of climate mitigation, and in the process, drew attention to political processes involved in the manufacture of consent. Using case studies from the Darjeeling and Sikkim regions, this paper distinguishes between Gramsci’s vision of the political space of disruption vis-à-vis the covert agenda of climate consensus.Key policy insights
A politics of consensus in relation to climate change is an outcome of, and in turn reiterates, a narrowing of distance between the state and civil society.
Including civil society in climate policy decision making and implementation is considered positive and inclusive, however, it is important to note that civil society is not always and everywhere inclusive and transformative.
Both at global and national levels, it is claimed that climate change interventions happen in an overall framework of participatory, inclusive environmental governance; in relation to hydropower development, we note that this is hardly the practice on the ground.
15.
Natural resources, especially the forest provide a means of livelihood to rural communities in most developing countries.
Unfortunately these resources are under the threat of disappearing because of high population growth rates and poverty that
characterise these communities. Any attempt by development agencies at conserving these resources is tantamount to depriving
these rural areas of their survival base. Yet due to its strategic socio-economic and cultural importance, the forest ecosystem
needs to be sustained for future generations. This paper examines the various challenges faced by the State and other conservation
agencies in natural resource management and the possible options which can be employed in an effort to ensure a sustainable
exploitation of the forest in Anglophone Cameroon. It discusses the efforts of these actors, within the framework of the emerging
concept of community forestry, local community strengthening and integrated rural development. While highlighting some of
the achievements of international NGOs like Bird Life International and World Wide Fund for Nature in the region, the study
concludes that the future of sustainable management of forest resources relies on a holistic poverty alleviation approach
that takes into consideration the empowerment of these communities. This will ensure that they participate and benefit from
the exploitation of the resources in the form of local development.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
16.
Mokbul Morshed Ahmad 《The Geographical journal》2003,169(1):65-74
Recently, microcredit has become a fashionable cure-all for most non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Bangladesh. The provision of services to the poor is by definition always difficult, and even NGOs have problems. NGOs in Bangladesh define the poor in different ways when creating their target groups. The policies of nearly all NGOs in Bangladesh are formulated by their senior managers, and field workers are rarely consulted. This paper will explore the opinions on microcredit of selected field workers of four types of NGOs in Bangladesh – on how the problem of microcredit might be solved. Problems of microcredit programmes, they say, include non-accessibility to the poorest, low return, misuse and overemphasis on repayment. Field workers discuss what level of importance should be given to microcredit as against services like education, health or awareness creation. Most conclude that NGOs are overemphasizing microcredit, which leaves little time and few resources for other problems of the poor, so bringing the whole 'development' effort of the NGOs into question. Most field workers think that many microenterprises are not sustainable and that in many cases clients will remain dependent on the NGOs for credit. 相似文献
17.
David Turnock 《GeoJournal》2001,55(2-4):485-505
Considerable environmental damage occurred during the socialist era as a consequence of the rapid rate of economic growth
with low priority for the quality of life. High levels of air and water pollution impacted negatively on human health as well
as the physical environment. The rural areas did not escape because of soil and forest degradation, while open pit mining
and associated tipping devastated large areas of countryside especially in former Czechoslovakia and East Germany. The Chernobyl
nuclear disaster proved to be a turning point since public opinion was mobilised to the point that underground movements began
to lobby for improvements and environmental quality became a factor in system change in 1989. Much has been achieved over
the past decade, thanks in part to expertise and financial help from abroad, and the priority currently being given to membership
of the European Union means that all the requirements of the environmental 'acquis' must be met over the medium term. However,
the 1990s have also introduced the sustainability agenda and current challenges are much more extensive that those of the
past. While many obligations now carry the full force of law, it is also evident that sustainability is a matter for interpretation
nationally and locally in the light of economic pressures and cultural values, moderated through the education process and
negotiation with both statutory bodies and environmental non-governmental organisations (ENGOs). This paper therefore serves
as a context for the more local studies that follow.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
18.
N. Nirupama 《Natural Hazards》2009,48(1):1-9
Following the devastating tsunami of 26 December 2004 in the Indian Ocean, there was a need to give a voice to the affected
population. Hence a survey was conducted in the tsunami-affected regions of India. The tsunami mainly affected the states
of Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh and the Union Territory of Pondicherry, all in south India, as well as the Andaman
and Nicobar Islands of India in the Bay of Bengal. For various logistical reasons, no survey was conducted in the Andaman
and Nicobar Islands. The survey was conducted during 21 January to 19 February 2005 and from 1 March to 8 March 2005. A total
of eight people, arranged into four teams, simultaneously conducted the survey based upon a prepared questionnaire comprising
a total of 16 questions. The total number of villages surveyed was 161, and the overall results of the survey are reported
here. Among many observations, capacity building during the construction process, relocation and housing issues and tsunami
education and awareness were prominent. 相似文献
19.
Arthur P.J. Mol 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2009,30(1):114-129
In the field of environmental governance information is starting to become increasingly important, not least because of globalization and the information and communication technologies revolution. The notion of informational governance is a recent coinage that acknowledges the (partial) switch from regulatory‐based forms of governance to information‐based modes. In the information‐rich centres and nodes of the network society, where information is widely produced, disseminated and accessible, this might prove analytically useful. But what are the contours of informational governance in information‐poor environments? This paper looks into the (limited) emergence of informational governance arrangements in environmental protection in two cases characterizing the informational periphery: China and Vietnam. 相似文献
20.
This paper reports on the contribution of tourism to the wellbeing of rural residents through the development of economic linkages engaged by community‐based tourism (CBT) in rural Costa Rica. In a qualitative case study of local economic linkages surrounding one such project in Chira Island, economic linkages were assessed at two levels: discourse and practice. The findings indicate that CBT does not involve the collective property of the community, but rather, the collective property of a group of community members organized in a formal association. As a result, a discourse on local economic linkages has been promoted by CBT support organizations in which hopes of wider benefits are placed on small linkages to services and products provided by local community members. However, a field survey suggested that the economic linkages generated by CBT in the community were sporadic and polyvalent and, furthermore, that the linkages with agriculture are negatively affected by scale and seasonality, resulting in leakages out of the community. These findings caution practitioners that CBT may only have small‐scale positive impacts on the local economy. 相似文献