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11.
地下水-土壤-植被-大气系统(GSPAC)界面水分传输是湿地生态水文过程研究的关键.本文选取鄱阳湖湿地高位滩地的2种典型植被群落:茵陈蒿(Artemisia capillaris)和芦苇(Phragmites australis)群落为研究对象,运用HYDRUS-1D垂向一维数值模拟,量化了湿地GSPAC系统界面水分通量,阐明了典型丰水年(2012年)和枯水年(2013年)鄱阳湖湿地植被群落的蒸腾用水规律和水源组成.结果表明:(1)茵陈蒿和芦苇群落土壤-大气界面的年降水入渗量为1570~1600 mm,主要集中在雨季4-6月,占年总量的60%;植物-大气界面的年蒸腾总量分别为346~470 mm和926~1057 mm,其中7-8月植被生长旺季最大,占年总量的40%~46%;地下水-根区土壤界面的向上补给水量受不同水文年水位变化的影响显著,地下水年补给量分别为15~513 mm和277~616 mm,主要发生在蒸散发作用强烈和地下水埋深较浅的时段.(2)植被蒸腾用水分为生长初期(4-6月)和生长旺季(7-10月)2个阶段,丰水年植被的整个生长期蒸腾用水充足,枯水年植被生长旺季的蒸腾用水受到严重水分胁迫,实际蒸腾量仅为潜在蒸腾量的一半左右.(3)不同水文年湿地植被生长旺季的水源贡献不同:丰水年茵陈蒿群落以地下水补给为主,芦苇群落以湖水和地下水补给为主;枯水年茵陈蒿群落以降水和前期土壤水储量为主,芦苇群落以地下水补给为主.本研究结果有助于揭示湿地植被的水分利用策略,为阐明湖泊水情变化与植被演替的作用机理提供参考依据. 相似文献
12.
水生植物修复已经成为水体富营养化修复的重要手段,但其周期性的衰亡也给水体带来不容忽视的负效应.以府河流域丘陵地带农业区小水系自然生长的芦苇(Phragmites australis)和狭叶香蒲(Typha angustifolia)为研究对象,通过模拟实验,研究其冬季和春季腐烂分解过程的差异以及对水体营养盐水平的影响.结果表明,2种挺水植物的剩余干物质量整体上都呈现先快速下降再缓慢下降的趋势,芦苇和狭叶香蒲春季的分解速率分别为0.0251和0.0169 d~(-1),分别明显高于冬季分解速率(0.0027和0.0052 d~(-1));且腐烂分解速率与植物初始氮磷含量和氮磷比都有一定相关性.2种植物在冬季和春季磷的矿化速率都明显高于氮的矿化速率.实验水体的总氮和总磷浓度在腐解过程呈现初期迅速上升、中期迅速下降、后期缓慢下降的趋势.总体来看,芦苇和狭叶香蒲的腐烂分解受季节和初始氮磷浓度的影响较大,芦苇反应较香蒲更敏感且对水质的影响具有时效性. 相似文献
13.
对于不同生长期、不同湿度条件下芦苇(Phragmites australis)茎、叶中多种类型植硅体含量变化的探讨,能够为植硅体形成机理研究和探讨植硅体对气候变化的响应提供理论依据.选取长春市南湖为实验样点,于5—10月在3种不同生境(旱生、季节性水生和水生生境)采集芦苇样品,并分别统计芦苇茎、叶植硅体形态和数量.实验结果显示:首先,茎、叶植硅体组合特征存在明显差异,茎中帽型及个体较大的尖型等植硅体多于叶中,而叶中硅化气孔含量明显高于茎中.其次,随着植株的生长,芦苇茎中硅化气孔含量先增加后减少,鞍型植硅体含量变化较小而帽型植硅体含量先减少后增加,棒型植硅体含量逐渐增加、尖型植硅体含量先增加后减少;芦苇叶中硅化气孔含量持续增加,鞍型、帽型等短细胞植硅体含量下降,尖型、扇型等个体较大的植硅体含量逐渐增加.最后,不同植硅体类型的含量在3种生境中的变化情况较为复杂,茎中植硅体的数量变化没有明显规律,而芦苇叶中硅化气孔含量由旱生生境向水生生境逐渐增加,可见叶中硅化气孔含量的增加可以指示相对湿润的生境条件.总之,芦苇茎、叶内不同类型植硅体的数量对植株生长及不同湿度环境有不同程度的响应,对芦苇植硅体的研究也有助于理解湿生植物植硅体与环境因子的关系,进而为探讨植硅体对古环境、古气候的响应提供理论基础. 相似文献
14.
干旱胁迫对莫莫格湿地芦苇叶片光合生理生态的影响机理研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为了揭示干旱胁迫对芦苇(Phragmites australis)叶片光合生理生态的影响机理,利用LI-6400便携式光合仪和快速叶绿素荧光仪,对干旱胁迫条件下的芦苇叶片光合生理以及芦苇生长状态进行测量分析。结果表明,干旱5d后,芦苇叶片光合速率小幅下降,干旱15d后,其光合速率明显下降,芦苇生长受到显著抑制;干旱胁迫下,芦苇叶片叶绿素含量先增加后减少;芦苇叶片光系统II(PSII)对干旱胁迫反应较敏感,在干旱20d后,其光合电子传递能力和光合性能指数下降,热耗散增加。在干旱胁迫初期,芦苇叶片光合速率的下降以气孔限制为主;在干旱胁迫后期,非气孔限制与气孔限制都起作用,其中非气孔因素主要是指光系统II活性的下降,活性反应中心减少,电子传递能力下降,降低了光系统II的整体光化学性能,进而降低了芦苇叶片的光合速率,抑制了芦苇的生长。 相似文献
15.
以内蒙古河套灌区湿地植物芦苇(Phragmites australis)根际土壤为材料,采用分离培养法对天然湿地和退化湿地的芦苇根际细菌多样性进行了研究。16SrRNA基因系统发育分析的结果显示,分离自天然湿地芦苇根际的45株细菌分属于γ-变形菌纲(44.44%)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)(42.22%)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)(13.33%)3大类群,其中,γ-变形菌纲为最优势类群,芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)(42.2%)为最优势菌属;分离自退化湿地芦苇根际的44株细菌分属γ-变形菌纲(13.63%)、β-变形菌纲(6.82%)、厚壁菌门(47.73%)及放线菌门(Actino-bacteria)(31.82%)4大类群,其中厚壁菌门为最优势类群,芽孢杆菌属(40.9%)为最优势菌属。研究结果表明,天然湿地和退化湿地芦苇根际细菌都具有较丰富的多样性,但天然湿地与退化湿地芦苇根际细菌群落结构存在一定差异。 相似文献
16.
The littoral plankton of Lake Peipsi (3555 km2, mean depth 7.1 m) was studied in summer 1980 and 2000–2002, and the epiphyton was studied on two dominating macrophytes, Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. and Potamogeton perfoliatus L., in 2000. The purpose of the study was to estimate to what extent the littoral phytoplankton and epiphytic algae (their biomass, chlorophyll a content and dominant species) can be used as a criterion for the trophic state of the lake. In wind-open areas, phytoplankton biomass in the littoral is commonly more than ten times higher than in open water due to the presence of the macroscopic cyanobacterium Gloeotrichia echinulata (J.S. Smith) P. Richter. This alga is abundant in the moderately eutrophic northern lake's part and rare in the strongly eutrophic southern part; hence also biomass in the southern part is considerably lower. In open water, phytoplankton biomass increases southward with increasing trophy. Algal biomass in the littoral depends on wind direction and can change completely in a few days. Epiphyton biomass and Chla content increased southward with increasing trophic state. They both revealed significant Spearman correlations (P < 0.05) with wind index and transparency (negative), and with abundance of the host plant, both reed and pondweed (positive). The phytoplankton biomass of the littoral of the large and shallow Lake Peipsi can not be used as a criterion of trophic state, however, the species composition of the dominants, particularly cyanobacteria, is well applicable for this purpose. The biomass and Chla content of the epiphyton can be used as a criterion for trophic state. 相似文献
17.
湿地芦苇对有毒重金属元素的抗性及吸收和累积 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
通过对大冶市铜绿山铜矿区人工湿地中芦苇的野外调查和Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr 5种有毒重金属元素的测试分析发现,该区芦苇对有毒重金属元素具有良好的抗性.同时,该湿地芦苇对5种重金属元素的吸收和累积表现出两种不同的模式:①芦苇植物体内Zn、Cu、Cd质量分数及分配百分比表现为根＞叶＞茎,且根组织中Zn、Cu、Cd的质量分数及分配百分比远远高于其他组织(茎、叶),而叶组织中略高于茎组织;②芦苇体内Pb和Cr质量分数及分配百分比表现为根＞茎＞叶,根、茎、叶组织中的质量分数及分配百分比均较高且基本相当,差异不明显.生物富集系数的计算结果显示,芦苇不同组织(根、茎、叶)对有毒重金属元素的生物富集能力存在较大差异,根组织的生物富集能力最大,且容易富集Pb和Cd;而茎、叶组织的生物富集能力较低,易富集Pb. 相似文献
18.
采用LI-6400-09土壤呼吸室对盘锦湿地芦苇群落土壤呼吸作用,于2004年7月—2005年12月进行连续野外观测。结果表明:非淹水状态下,湿地芦苇群落土壤呼吸作用具有明显的日变化和季节变化特征;淹水状态下,湿地芦苇群落土壤呼吸作用接近于0。2005年潮汐造成的洪水减少了2/3的土壤呼吸作用。2004年和2005年芦苇群落土壤呼吸作用最大值都出现于洪水退去后。影响湿地芦苇群落土壤呼吸作用空间异质性的主导因子是生物因子,而在同一时间影响湿地芦苇群落土壤呼吸作用的主导因子是温度和水分。 相似文献
19.
Marta Lobo Lopes Patrícia Martins Fernando Ricardo Ana Maria Rodrigues Victor Quintino 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2011,92(4):497-580
The decomposition rates of Phragmites australis and Fucus vesiculosus were experimentally determined in an estuarine system using the leaf-bag technique. The study was conducted in fifteen sites arranged in five areas, extending from freshwater, outside the tidal range, to the marine environment, near the mouth of the estuary. The leaf-bags (5 mm mesh), were set up with 3.0 g of dried substrate, submerged in the experimental sites at day 0 and collected at days 3, 7, 15, 30 and 60, to follow biomass loss. The biomass loss through the leaching phase (day 3) was about 16% for Phragmites australis and 33% for Fucus vesiculosus and was independent of salinity for both substrates. The difference in the remaining biomass between the two species increased with time and the decomposition rates differed along the salinity gradient. For F. vesiculosus, the decomposition rate was highest near the mouth of the estuary, corresponding to the preferential distribution area of the algae, and decreased towards freshwater. For Phragmites australis, the fastest decay was observed in the mid estuary, where Phragmites australis occurs naturally, confirming previous studies. The decomposition rates measured at different time intervals (0–15, 0–30 and 0–60 days) were always higher for the algae and decreased with time for both species. These results indicate that the use of decomposition rates as a measure of ecosystem integrity or quality status in transitional waters will not be straightforward and must take into account, among others, the test species, the study area positioning along the estuarine gradient, and the time interval for the calculation of the decomposition rate. 相似文献
20.
Enrica Pierobon Giuseppe Castaldelli Sara Mantovani Fabio Vincenzi Elisa Anna Fano 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2013,41(1):24-31
Secondary drainage canals have the potential to effectively mitigate excess nitrogen loads from diffuse and point sources. In vegetated (Phragmites australis and Typha latifolia) and in unvegetated canals subjected to diffuse and point pollution, nitrogen removal was evaluated by means of simple in–out mass balance and potential uptake by macrophytes was estimated from biomass data. Results suggest an elevated control of nitrogen in vegetated ditches receiving point source of pollution (average abatement of 50% of the total N load per linear km), whereas removal processes are much less effective in unvegetated ditches. The comparison between net abatement and plant uptake, highlights the presence of other unaccounted for processes responsible for a relevant percentage of total N removal. Overall, results from this study suggest the importance of actions aiming at the appropriate management of emergent vegetation, in order to improve its direct and indirect metabolic functions and maximize nitrogen removal in impacted watersheds. 相似文献