Under the surface: Pressure-induced planetary-scale waves,volcanic lightning,and gaseous clouds caused by the submarine eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai volcano     

David A. Yuen  Melissa A. Scruggs  Frank J. Spera  Yingcai Zheng  Hao Hu  Stephen R. McNutt  Glenn Thompson  Kyle Mandli  Barry R. Keller  Songqiao Shawn Wei  Zhigang Peng  Zili Zhou  Francesco Mulargia  Yuichiro Tanioka 《地震研究进展（英文）》2022,2(3):100134

We present a narrative of the eruptive events culminating in the cataclysmic January 15, 2022 eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai Volcano by synthesizing diverse preliminary seismic, volcanological, sound wave, and lightning data available within the first few weeks after the eruption occurred. The first hour of eruptive activity produced fast-propagating tsunami waves, long-period seismic waves, loud audible sound waves, infrasonic waves, exceptionally intense volcanic lightning and an unsteady volcanic plume that transiently reached—at 58 ?km—the Earth's mesosphere. Energetic seismic signals were recorded worldwide and the globally stacked seismogram showed episodic seismic events within the most intense periods of phreatoplinian activity, and they correlated well with the infrasound pressure waveform recorded in Fiji. Gravity wave signals were strong enough to be observed over the entire planet in just the first few hours, with some circling the Earth multiple times subsequently. These large-amplitude, long-wavelength atmospheric disturbances come from the Earth's atmosphere being forced by the magmatic mixture of tephra, melt and gasses emitted by the unsteady but quasi-continuous eruption from 0402±1–1800 UTC on January 15, 2022. Atmospheric forcing lasted much longer than rupturing from large earthquakes recorded on modern instruments, producing a type of shock wave that originated from the interaction between compressed air and ambient (wavy) sea surface. This scenario differs from conventional ideas of earthquake slip, landslides, or caldera collapse-generated tsunami waves because of the enormous (～1000x) volumetric change due to the supercritical nature of volatiles associated with the hot, volatile-rich phreatoplinian plume. The time series of plume altitude can be translated to volumetric discharge and mass flow rate. For an eruption duration of ～12 ?h, the eruptive volume and mass are estimated at 1.9 ?km³ and ～2 900 ?Tg, respectively, corresponding to a VEI of 5–6 for this event. The high frequency and intensity of lightning was enhanced by the production of fine ash due to magma—seawater interaction with concomitant high charge per unit mass and the high pre-eruptive concentration of dissolved volatiles. Analysis of lightning flash frequencies provides a rapid metric for plume activity and eruption magnitude. Many aspects of this eruption await further investigation by multidisciplinary teams. It represents a unique opportunity for fundamental research regarding the complex, non-linear behavior of high energetic volcanic eruptions and attendant phenomena, with critical implications for hazard mitigation, volcano forecasting, and first-response efforts in future disasters.  相似文献   

A Review of Atmospheric Electricity Research in China from 2011 to 2018     

Xiushu QIE  Yijun ZHANG 《大气科学进展》2019,36(9):994-1014

Atmospheric electricity research has been conducted actively in China, having profited from the development and application of high temporal and spatial resolution lightning detection and location technologies. This paper reviews the scientific advances made in the field of atmospheric electricity in China from 2011 to 2018, covering the following five aspects:(1)lightning detection and location techniques;(2) discharge processes and parameters associated with rocket-triggered lightning;(3) physical processes in natural lightning and attachment to the ground;(4) lightning activities and charge structure in different thunderstorms; and(5) effects of thunderstorms on the upper atmosphere. In addition, some outstanding questions for future research are outlined.  相似文献   

基于DBSCAN与网格搜索的雷电定位算法          下载免费PDF全文

梁丽  雷勇  张帅弛  李涛  庞文静  王志超 《应用气象学报》2019,30(3):267-278

定位精度是评价雷电定位网络的重要指标之一,定位算法直接影响雷电探测结果的精度。雷电监测系统探测数据误差不可避免,传统定位算法不具备抗误差干扰能力,迭代计算易发散,定位结果精度不高。为了满足实际应用需求,提出一种新的雷电定位算法DG-LLA（DBSCAN and grid-search lighting location algorithm）,在定位计算中引入DBSCAN（density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise）方法与网格搜索方法。通过仿真与国家雷电监测网实际定位结果对比分析定位算法性能。结果表明:到达时间差（time difference of arrival,TDOA）法和Taylor级数展开法定位误差较大,仿真区域的均方根误差分别为982 m和668 m;定位中引入DBSCAN方法后,均方根误差明显减小为406 m,引入DBSCAN方法和网格搜索方法后,均方根误差减小为349 m;在相同回击数据条件下,算法DG-LLA与国家雷电监测网相比定位数量更多,回击数据的利用率从43.4%提升到51.5%,新增定位结果周围雷达回波特征较强,定位精度更高。  相似文献   

地闪对崇明地震台地球物理观测的干扰     

朱培育  戴乐翔  张艺  魏薇  赵俊香  朱佳苗  施俊杰  毕波  倪友忠 《地震地磁观测与研究》2018,40(1):91-95

通过对比崇明地区地闪及崇明地震台地球物理观测资料，发现受地闪引起的电磁场变化的直接作用或对仪器元件的间接作用，地磁、地电、电磁扰动和水位观测干扰比例较高，干扰幅度与地闪距离及形成的电流强度有关。具体干扰形态如下：①对电磁扰动干扰表现为单向突跳和测值的整体抬升；②对地磁测项干扰表现为正负方向的单点突跳；③对大地电场干扰表现为大幅震荡；④对水位观测干扰表现为大幅突跳。  相似文献   

The June 2013 Alberta catastrophic flooding event – part 2: fine‐scale precipitation and associated features          下载免费PDF全文

B. Kochtubajda  R. E. Stewart  S. Boodoo  J. M. Thériault  Y. Li  A. Liu  C. Mooney  R. Goodson  K. Szeto 《水文研究》2016,30(26):4917-4933

Data obtained from a variety of sources including the Canadian Lightning Detection Network, weather radars, weather stations and operational numerical weather model analyses were used to address the evolution of precipitation during the June 2013 southern Alberta flood. The event was linked to a mid‐level closed low pressure system to the west of the region and a surface low pressure region initially to its south. This configuration brought warm, moist unstable air into the region that led to dramatic, organized convection with an abundance of lightning and some hail. Such conditions occurred in the southern parts of the region whereas the northern parts were devoid of lightning. Initially, precipitation rates were high (extreme 15‐min rainfall rates up to 102 mm h^?1 were measured) but decreased to lower values as the precipitation shifted to long‐lived stratiform conditions. Both the convective and stratiform precipitation components were affected by the topography. Similar flooding events, such as June 2002, have occurred over this region although the 2002 event was colder and precipitation was not associated with substantial convection over southwest Alberta. Copyright © 2016 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. Hydrological Processes. © John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

LD-Ⅱ和ADTD型闪电定位资料的对比分析     

刘岩  李征  程向阳  邱阳阳 《南京气象学院学报》2015,7(4):380-384

为了更全面地了解LD-Ⅱ和ADTD型闪电定位资料的准确性,利用安徽省2010年3—9月两套闪电定位系统监测到的资料,对比分析安徽省雷电活动规律,结果表明:两套资料在地闪总数、地闪时间变化、地闪空间分布、雷电流极性和强度等方面都存在较大的差异,LD-Ⅱ型闪电定位系统积累的资料时间较长,但ADTD型闪电定位系统在地闪空间分布、雷电流极性和强度的探测方面准确度更高.与雷灾资料对比发现,ADTD型闪电定位仪监测到的闪电记录距离受灾点较近、误差较小.  相似文献   

2011—2012年广州高建筑物雷电磁场特征统计   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0       下载免费PDF全文

王智敏  吕伟涛  陈绿文  齐奇  杨欣怡  张阳  马颖  陈绍东 《应用气象学报》2015,26(1):87-94

为研究不同高度的建筑物对雷电磁场的影响,对2011年7月—2012年8月广州高建筑物雷电观测试验中获取的雷电磁场波形数据进行统计分析,共选取击中14个高建筑物的40次雷电 (均为负极性雷电) 的磁场数据,结果表明:高建筑物对回击磁场峰值有增强作用,且建筑物越高对回击磁场峰值的增强作用越大,高度在200 m以上的建筑物上雷电首次回击磁场峰值的几何平均值是高度在200 m以下的建筑物上的2.4倍;高建筑物雷电回击的磁场波形呈多峰特征;观测到的20次击中200 m以下高建筑物的雷电中,有13次 (65%) 雷电首次回击的磁场波形出现后续峰值比初始峰值大的现象,击中200 m以上高建筑物的14次雷电中有8次 (57%) 出现该现象;40次高建筑物雷电中有22次 (55%) 为多回击雷电,135个回击间隔时间的几何平均值为69.1 ms, 多回击高建筑物雷电中有10次 (45%) 出现继后回击的磁场峰值大于首次回击磁场峰值的现象。  相似文献   

基于雷电临近预警技术的主动防雷应用          下载免费PDF全文

曾金全  朱彪  王颖波  张烨方 《应用气象学报》2015,26(5):610-617

为了使雷电临近预警技术在雷电灾害防御业务中更好地发挥作用,针对电子系统的雷电灾害特点,在传统被动防雷技术基础上,提出基于雷电临近预警的主动防雷技术,应用雷电临近预警和远程控制等技术,开发以B/S结构为架构的雷电临近预警应用系统。对2013年8月—2014年8月福建省泉州市4个无线电监测站的主动防雷应用效果进行两种方法的预警效果检验。检验结果表明:主动防雷技术是对被动防雷技术的一个较好的完善和补充。采用闪电数量对比分析,4个监测站的有效预警率为69%,采用预报评分方法对比分析,4个监测站的平均准确率为53%,对雷电活动发生较为集中的区域预警效果较好,对雷电活动发生较为零散的区域预警效果有所降低。  相似文献   

地球-电离层空腔舒曼共振日变化特征分析     

银峰  张其林  纪彤彤  姜苏 《气象科学》2015,35(4):480-487

全球雷电活动在地球-电离层空腔中产生的极低频(ELF)信号干涉叠加,在一系列固定频率上产生舒曼共振(SR)。利用2012年5月以色列Mitzpe-Roman(MR)站ELF水平磁场资料,采用频谱变换、时间平均、分析了实测SR日变化信号的时域和频域特征。同时基于全球ELF传播模式,利用OTD/LIS雷电卫星资料模拟了5~30 Hz磁场功率谱日变化情况。结果表明:时域背景信号幅值的均值和偏差满足正态分布的期望和标准差;水平磁场前三阶SR谐振频率非常稳定,月平均下的谐振频率日变化相对8、14、20 Hz理论值的偏移量分别不超过0.3 Hz、0.55 Hz和0.6 Hz。东南亚和美洲地区雷电活动主要响应于南北磁场分量第一阶SR的07—09时和19—22时时段内。而东西磁场分量前三阶SR在12—15时时段内都对非洲地区雷电活动有指示作用。磁场功率谱日变化模拟结果与实测基本一致,表明利用单站正交磁天线的不同阶SR信号能够指示全球不同"热斑"区域的雷电活动。  相似文献   

基于AHP的文物建筑防雷分类研究     

张华明  刘耀龙  张义军  逯曦  李强  李云飞 《气象科技》2015,43(2):326-330

通过对文物建筑雷电灾害规律的分析,提出将文物建筑的重要性、雷击密度、所处环境、服务设施、文物建筑高度、周围树木、自身结构、雷击史等作为文物建筑防雷分类的评估指标,采用层次分析法(AHP)确定指标权重。根据文物建筑保护等级、遭受雷灾规律、雷电活动情况以及现行国家标准将评估指标分类,参考里克特量表及等权指标体系对评估指标进行评价,建立了文物建筑防雷分类评估模型。  相似文献