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11.
Despite significant progress made in recent years, a fundamental understanding of immiscible displacements at the macroscale is lacking. In this paper we use a version of percolation theory, based on invasion percolation in a gradient, to connect drainage processes at the pore-network scale with the displacement at the macroscale. When the mobility ratio M is sufficiently small, the displacement is stabilized and can be described by invasion percolation in a stabilizing gradient. In the opposite case, it has common features with invasion percolation in a destabilizing gradient. A diagram delineating the regimes of fully developed drainage is developed. The transition between stabilized displacement and fingering is controlled by the change of the sign of the gradient of the percolation probability, and the transition boundary is described by a scaling law involving the capillary number and the viscosity ratio. We review recent work for random networks and extend the method to correlated pore networks. As the regimes of stabilized displacement are also those for which conventional theories (such as the Buckley–Leverett equation) are expected to apply, the phase diagram helps to delineate their validity. 相似文献
12.
遥感反演蒸散发的日尺度扩展方法研究进展 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
遥感技术能够提供卫星过境时刻地表参量的瞬时值,进而通过模型构建可反演得到瞬时蒸散发。相对于瞬时蒸散发,日尺度蒸散发在实际生产生活中具有更重要的应用价值。本文系统地总结分析了遥感反演瞬时蒸散发的代表性日尺度扩展方法,包括蒸发比不变法、解耦因子不变法、辐射能量比不变法、参考蒸发比不变法、地表阻抗不变法和数据同化法,并对各方法的基本原理、估算精度、适用性等进行了对比分析。在此基础上,进一步综述了日尺度扩展方法存在的不确定性和主要问题,包括扩展方法本身误差、云覆盖、气象数据获取、夜间蒸散发估算、遥感反演同扩展误差累积及真实性检验等,并指出今后应从加强有云天及夜间蒸散发扩展机理和方法等方面的研究来提升瞬时蒸散发日尺度扩展精度。 相似文献
13.
Upscaling methods that need to solve local problems subject to boundary conditions are addressed in this article. We define
a new upscaling method based on optimization problems, which can take into account general boundary conditions applied to
local problems. The determination of upscaled permeability leads to minimizing the difference of dissipated energies (or averaged
velocity) at fine and large scale. Using optimal control techniques, we obtain an effective computing algorithm that allows
us to recover, with classical boundary conditions, the well-known results. The uniqueness issue is tackled for the optimization
problems introduced in our approach. We show that the method is stable with respect to G-convergence, a property that establishes
a link with homogenization theory, and finally, 2D numerical experiments are presented. 相似文献
14.
15.
油藏精细地质模型网格粗化算法及其效果 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在前人研究基础上, 根据DP(Dykstra-Parsons)系数能定量评价储层非均质性, 微网格块的渗透率值粗化后, 其等效渗透率的上、下限(Cmin、Cmax)能反映渗透率的各向异性的特点, 提出了一种运算速度快和相对有效的网格粗化算法。该算法能考虑到储层非均质性对不同方向渗透率值的影响, 且求解过程相对简单。应用该方法对鄂尔多斯盆地中部某油藏的陆相储层的精细地质模型进行了网格粗化计算, 然后在粗化后的模型上进行油藏数值模拟研究, 同时针对研究区地质背景和产出流体微可压缩的物性特征, 首次利用流线模拟器对精细地质模型进行了油藏数值模拟研究, 并以此结果为标准, 对该网格粗化算法时效性进行了系统评价。分析表明, 该算法具有较快的计算速度和较高的可靠性, 是解决储层非均质强、物性差的陆相成因油藏精细油藏数值模拟的一种行之有效的手段。 相似文献
16.
Julian J. C. Dawson Doerthe Tetzlaff Mark Speed Markus Hrachowitz Chris Soulsby 《水文研究》2011,25(10):1647-1658
Spatial and temporal variability of hydrological responses affecting surface water dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations are important for determining upscaling patterns of DOC export within larger catchments. Annual and intra‐annual variations in DOC concentrations and fluxes were assessed over 2 years at 12 sites (3·40–1837 km2) within the River Dee basin in NE Scotland. Mean annual DOC fluxes, primarily correlated with catchment soil coverage, ranged from 3·41 to 9·48 g m?2 yr?1. Periods of seasonal (summer–autumn and winter–spring) DOC concentrations (production) were delineated and related to discharge. Although antecedent temperature mainly determined the timing of switchover between periods of high DOC in the summer‐autumn and low DOC in winter‐spring, inter‐annual variability of export within the same season was largely dependent on its associated water flux. DOC fluxes ranged from 1·39 to 4·80 g m?2 season?1 during summer–autumn and 1·43 to 4·15 g m?2 season?1 in winter–spring.Relationships between DOC areal fluxes and catchment scale indicated that mainstem fluxes reflect the averaging of highly heterogeneous inputs from contrasting headwater catchments, leading to convergent DOC fluxes at catchment sizes of ca 100 km2. However, during summer–autumn periods, in contrast to winter–spring, longitudinal mainstem DOC fluxes continue to decrease, most likely because of increasing biological processes. This highlights the importance of considering seasonal as well as annual changes in DOC fluxes with catchment scale. This study increases our understanding of the temporal variability of DOC upscaling patterns reflecting cumulative changes across different catchment scales and aids modelling of carbon budgets at different stages of riverine systems. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
17.
灌溉用水效率尺度效应研究评述 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在阐述灌溉用水效率尺度效应内涵及其产生原因的基础上,对研究现状进行了评述,并提出了今后的研究方向。灌溉用水效率尺度效应主要由灌区土壤、作物、气候、灌溉工程、灌溉水量等多种因素的空间变异性和回归水利用导致;现有灌溉用水效率指标应该拓宽供水效益内涵,同时在经济条件约束下来考虑回归水的再利用;现有各类指标随尺度变化规律并不固定,主要原因是尺度效应并非由单一因素决定;现有尺度效应转换研究都是单独针对空间变异或回归水重复利用而进行,缺少对两者的综合,更缺乏成熟的尺度转换公式。今后需要在完善评价指标体系的基础上,重点对尺度转换理论进行攻关,同时还应兼顾水循环伴生过程的尺度效应研究。 相似文献
18.
水稻冠层氮素含量光谱反演的随机森林算法及区域应用 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
利用地面实测数据构建高精度的水稻冠层氮素含量光谱反演点模型并将其进行尺度转换,实现了水稻冠层氮素含量准实时、大区域监测。以氮素光谱敏感指数作为输入变量,冠层氮素含量数据为输出变量,利用随机森林算法构建水稻冠层氮素含量高光谱反演模型,并用苏州市水稻农田验证区数据,检验模型的普适性和有效性;利用准同步的Hyperion数据,采用对输入、输出变量进行线性变换的简单尺度转换方法实现了点模型的区域应用。结果表明:基于随机森林算法的水稻冠层氮素含量高光谱反演模型可解释、所需样本少、不会过拟合、精度高(模型在实验区的预测精度为R2=0.82,验证区检验精度为R2=0.73)且具有普适性;点模型基于高光谱遥感卫星影像和尺度转换进行区域应用,精度较高(R2=0.81)。 相似文献
19.
An important cause of seismic anisotropic attenuation is the interbedding of thin viscoelastic layers. However, much less attention has been devoted to layer‐induced anisotropic attenuation. Here, we derive a group of unified weighted average forms for effective attenuation from a binary isotropic, transversely isotropic‐ and orthorhombic‐layered medium in the zero‐frequency limit by using the Backus averaging/upscaling method and analyse the influence of interval parameters on effective attenuation. Besides the corresponding interval attenuation and the real part of stiffness, the contrast in the real part of the complex stiffness is also a key factor influencing effective attenuation. A simple linear approximation can be obtained to calculate effective attenuation if the contrast in the real part of stiffness is very small. In a viscoelastic medium, attenuation anisotropy and velocity anisotropy may have different orientations of symmetry planes, and the symmetry class of the former is not lower than that of the latter. We define a group of more general attenuation‐anisotropy parameters to characterize not only the anisotropic attenuation with different symmetry classes from the anisotropic velocity but also the elastic case. Numerical tests reveal the influence of interval attenuation anisotropy, interval velocity anisotropy and the contrast in the real part of stiffness on effective attenuation anisotropy. Types of effective attenuation anisotropy for interval orthorhombic attenuation and interval transversely isotropic attenuation with a vertical symmetry (vertical transversely isotropic attenuation) are controlled only by the interval attenuation anisotropy. A type of effective attenuation anisotropy for interval TI attenuation with a horizontal symmetry (horizontal transversely isotropic attenuation) is controlled by the interval attenuation anisotropy and the contrast in the real part of stiffness. The type of effective attenuation anisotropy for interval isotropic attenuation is controlled by all three factors. The magnitude of effective attenuation anisotropy is positively correlated with the contrast in the real part of the stiffness. Effective attenuation even in isotropic layers with identical isotropic attenuation is anisotropic if the contrast in the real part of stiffness is non‐zero. In addition, if the contrast in the real part of stiffness is very small, a simple linear approximation also can be performed to calculate effective attenuation‐anisotropy parameters for interval anisotropic attenuation. 相似文献
20.
Studies of soil erosion on small plots present upscaling problems. The results in the literature on the effect of slope length (i.e. scale) on runoff and soil erosion are contradictory. Furthermore, most studies that examine scale effects measured through erosion plots have been conducted in Mediterranean environments. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of plot size on runoff and soil loss in a subtropical environment. Other measurements were taken to appraise the topsoil property changes inside the plots. The soil was ploughed twice, the surface was leveled with a hoe and it was kept bare during the experiment. Data were collected from 10 paired plots, five plots measuring 10 m × 1 m and five plots measuring 1 m × 1 m, installed in the same pedo‐geomorphologic unit. Measurements were carried out from November 2008 to November 2009. During this period, 97 natural storms were registered. The results indicate that the small plots tended to have higher runoff (30% higher) compared to larger plots, especially during periods of greater rainfall volume, duration and intensity. The soil loss was similar in both the 1 m2 plots (6·33 kg/m2) and the 10 m2 plots (6·26 kg/m2). Moreover, the dynamics of the soil loss during the experiment was relatively similar across both plot sizes. The large plots tended to have a greater internal complexity. In these plots, the steps retreat were higher, the overland flow scars were more frequent, and points of rill initiation and protochannels emerged in several parts of the plots. The results of the small plots were comparable to the results obtained on the large plots, especially in relation to soil loss. These plots were useful for short‐term assessments of soil erosion. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献