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11.
Atlantic salmon Salmo salar were reared at four stocking densities—high density D 1(final density ~39 kg/m 3), medium densities D 2(~29 kg/m 3) and D 3(~19 kg/m 3), and low density D 4(~12 kg/m 3)—for 40 days to investigate the effect of stocking density on their growth performance, body composition and energy budgets. Stocking density did not significantly affect specific growth rate in terms of weight(SGR w) but did affect specific growth rate in terms of energy(SGR e). Stocking density significantly influenced the ration level(RL w and RL e), feed conversion ratio(FCR w and FCR e) and apparent digestibility rate(ADR). Ration level and FCR w tended to increase with increasing density. Fish at the highest density D 1 and lowest density D 4 showed lower FCR e and higher ADR than at medium densities. Stocking density significantly affected protein and energy contents of the body but did not affect its moisture, lipid, or ash contents. The expenditure of energy for metabolism in the low-density and high-density groups was lower than that in the medium-density groups. Stocking density affected energy utilization from the feces but had no effect on excretion rate. The greater energy allocation to growth at high density and low density may be attributed to reduced metabolic rate and increased apparent digestibility rate. These findings provide information that will assist selection of suitable stocking densities in the Atlantic-salmon-farming industry. 相似文献
12.
微藻处理养殖尾水已成为热点研究方向,有关一定盐度范围内海水养殖尾水的微藻处理研究较少。本试验调配了两种盐度(16和26)的海水养殖尾水,以空白组作对照,设置小球藻(Chlorella salina)初始接种密度梯度(5×105、1×106、2×106和3×106个/mL),研究小球藻对海水养殖尾水中不同形态氮和磷的去除效果。结果表明,小球藻在海水养殖尾水中生长良好,可有效去除尾水中的氮磷营养盐,16盐度组中各初始藻密度组对NH4+、NO3-和总溶解态氮(total dissolved nitrogen,TDN)的去除率分别为85.03%~85.87%、60.87%~63.70%和54.53%~57.64%,组间无显著差异(P>0.05);26盐度组中除5×105组外,其余藻密度组对NH4+、NO3-和TDN的去除率分别为87.23%~88.16%、56.70%~57.79%和53.31%~54.62%,且组间无显著差异(P>0.05),表明小球藻初始接种密度对尾水中氮盐的去除无显著影响。除5×105个/mL组外,16与26盐度组中对TDN的去除率无显著差异,表明盐度变化对氮的去除无影响。随着初始藻密度的升高,16和26处理组对总溶解态磷(total dissolved phosphorus,TDP)的去除率均上升,分别为76.13%~99.53%和63.72%~96.83%,表明藻初始接种密度的升高可促进尾水中磷的去除,且盐度升高没有影响小球藻对磷的去除。本研究获得了不同初始接种密度小球藻对一定盐度范围的海水养殖尾水的吸收利用特点,可为海水养殖尾水的生态化处理提供一定的理论基础。 相似文献
13.
Limited information has been available about the influence of loading density on the performances of Scophthalmus maximus, especially in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). In this study, turbot (13.84±2.74 g; average weight±SD) were reared at four different initial densities (low 0.66, medium 1.26, sub-high 2.56, high 4.00 kg/m2) for 10 weeks in RAS at 23±1°C. Final densities were 4.67, 7.25, 14.16, and 17.47 kg/m2, respectively, which translate to 82, 108, 214, and 282 percent coverage of the tank bottom. Density had both negative and independent impacts on growth. The final mean weight, specific growth rate (SGR), and voluntary feed intake significantly decreased and the coefficient of variation (CV) of final body weight increased with increase in stocking density. The medium and sub-high density groups did not differ significantly in SGR, mean weight, CV, food conversion rate (FCR), feed intake, blood parameters, and digestive enzymes. The protease activities of the digestive tract at pH 7, 8.5, 9, and 10 were significantly higher for the highest density group, but tended to be lower (not significantly) at pH 4 and 8.5 for the lowest density group. The intensity of protease activity was inversely related to feed intake at the different densities. Catalase activity was higher (but not significantly) at the highest density, perhaps because high density started to induce an oxidative effect in turbot. In conclusion, turbot can be cultured in RAS at a density of less than 17.47 kg/m2. With good water quality and no feed limitation, initial density between 1.26 and 2.56 kg/m2 (final: 7.25 and 14.16 kg/m2) would not negatively affect the turbot cultured in RAS. For culture at higher density, multi-level feeding devices are suggested to ease feeding competition. 相似文献
14.
卡鲁安锂矿床位于新疆阿尔泰造山带,是中国主要的稀有金属矿床产地之一,但前人工作程度较低、研究工作较少,其岩石成因和成矿机制有待于深入系统研究。文章系统研究了新疆卡鲁安含矿伟晶岩、无矿伟晶岩、外围花岗岩、外围伟晶岩、角岩、片岩、板岩等全岩样品的主量元素、稀土微量元素、Pb- Sr- Nd同位素以及锆石U- Pb定年和Hf- O同位素,旨在揭示卡鲁安矿区花岗岩与伟晶岩形成时代、岩浆起源及其演化过程,进而探讨两者之间的成因联系。年代学数据显示,卡鲁安矿区外围黑云母花岗岩、含矿伟晶岩和外围伟晶岩锆石SIMS U- Pb年龄分别为407. 9±2. 3Ma（ n =25,MSWD=1. 4)、205. 0±12. 0Ma（ n =6,MSWD=2. 2)和205. 0 Ma。外围黑云母花岗岩以高SiO2（71. 16%~75. 39%)、高CaO（1. 15%~1. 85%)、低Fe2O3/FeO (＜0. 4)、过铝质(A/CNK=1. 04~1. 09) 和富碱性暗色矿物（＞8%)等为特征。在稀土微量元素组成方面,具有弱分异的Zr/Hf（25~55)和Nb/Ta（5. 4~8. 8)比值,相对富集Rb、Th、U、Pb、Hf和LREEs,亏损Ba、Nb、Sr、P、Ti等元素,为典型的弱分异S型花岗岩,其源岩可能为一套变质沉积岩。在Hf- O同位素组成方面,含矿伟晶岩（ ε Hf( t )=-0. 2~2. 0, δ 18O=7. 88‰~10. 87‰)和外围伟晶岩（ ε Hf( t )=-0. 7~8. 1, δ 18O=6. 87‰~9. 48‰)与外围黑云母花岗岩（ ε Hf( t )=1. 3~7. 4, δ 18O=8. 62‰~10. 08‰)具有一致性,指示含矿伟晶岩和外围伟晶岩与外围黑云母花岗岩可能具有相同的物质源区。黑云母花岗岩与片岩、板岩具有类似的稀土微量元素配分模式、类似的Pb- Sr- Nd同位素组成和Nd同位素模式年龄,指示由片岩、板岩部分熔融产生的;同时,含矿伟晶岩和无矿伟晶岩也展现出类似的稀土元素和微量元素配分模式,但其∑REE含量明显低于外围黑云母花岗岩,表明这些伟晶岩可能与外围黑云母花岗岩具有成因关系。但黑云母花岗岩比伟晶岩成岩时代早近200 Ma,所以伟晶岩不是外围黑云母花岗岩结晶分异的产物。值得关注的是2件含矿伟晶岩与片岩、板岩具有类似的稀土微量元素配分模式、类似的Pb- Sr- Nd同位素组成和Nd同位素模式年龄,表明伟晶岩也与片岩、板岩部分熔融有关。外围伟晶岩、含矿伟晶岩和无矿伟晶岩的CaO/Na2O比值（0. 01~0. 19)指示其物源是以泥质岩为主;而黑云母花岗岩CaO/Na2O比值（0. 36~0. 51)指示源区以砂屑岩为主。综上所述,本文认为黑云母花岗岩与伟晶岩是由相同源岩的不同岩性（贫黏土的碎屑岩与富黏土的泥质岩)经不同时代构造演化的产物,其源岩均来自库鲁木提群(S2- 3 KL )的片岩和板岩,具有密切的亲缘关系。 相似文献
15.
膨胀土损伤变量不同表征方法评价的试验研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
裂隙性是膨胀土的重要结构特征,裂隙损伤对膨胀土的变形、强度和稳定性有重要影响。岩土体损伤演化理论是当前研究的前沿课题,选择合理的损伤变量决定着损伤模型的正确性。为评价几种损伤变量表征方法的合理性,以南水北调中线工程陶岔引水渠坡的膨胀土为试验研究对象,通过控制净围压和吸力分别为100、50 kPa下的CT-三轴剪切试验,定量研究了分别基于承载面积、CT数的均值ME和方差SD的损伤变量表征方法的合理性。研究发现,损伤面积相同而损伤部位不同的试样偏应力-应变曲线和强度基本一致;损伤面积和SD可以作为损伤变量表征参数,而ME不适合用来表征膨胀土的损伤变量,虽然ME可以很好地用来定义岩石的损伤变量。试验研究结果可以为建立考虑损伤的膨胀土强度理论和本构模型中损伤变量的选择、定义提供科学依据。 相似文献
16.
微生物沉积碳酸钙固化砂质黏性紫色土试验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
重庆紫色土是一种砂质黏性土,地区降雨集中,水力冲蚀作用剧烈,极易产生水土流失,微生物诱导方解石沉积(MICP)技术因能耗低、污染小而广泛应用于土体加固中。通过正交试验优化了巨大芽孢杆菌(BNCC 336739)的培养基和培养条件,活菌数增长126%,活性良好。采用巨大芽孢杆菌,进行低水压(9.8kPa)灌注固化砂质黏性紫色土试验,探究了固化效果的变化规律。结果表明:随固化次数增加,碳酸钙生成量和干密度逐级增加,无侧限抗压强度与碳酸钙生成量正相关;碳酸钙有效沉积越来越少,强度提高趋于稳定,固化9次后强度提高77%;随孔隙被碳酸钙填充和上下碳酸钙硬壳的形成,渗透性不断降低,最终下降两个数量级;通过试样上、中、下三部分碳酸钙生成量C的样本标准差s来反映碳酸钙分布离散程度,发现割线弹性模量在s的影响下随C增加而波动上升,波动表现为在C相近或s相差很大时,s越小割线弹性模量越大。研究成果可以为MICP技术在紫色土地区的地基、边坡加固和水土流失防护等工程应用提供科学依据和参考。 相似文献
17.
视网膜视蛋白组成是动物识别光强与颜色视觉的基础,其会随着不同生长环境和发育阶段而发生变化。大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)为重要的海水养殖鱼种,在发育过程中经历了从浮游生活到底栖生活的转变;生活习性的转变伴随着生存环境的变化,尤其是光照环境的变化。我们推测大菱鲆光照感知功能包括视蛋白种类及表达模式等,在不同阶段应有所不同,目前未见相关研究报道。本研究以1、4和9月龄大菱鲆为研究对象,通过qRT-PCR探查了不同阶段大菱鲆视蛋白基因表达的特征规律,通过分析三个发育阶段的视蛋白基因表达比例,推测鱼体光谱敏感性变化规律。结果表明,红视蛋白(LWS)基因表达量随鱼体发育逐渐降低,视紫红质(RH1)、紫外视蛋白(SWS1)和蓝视蛋白(SWS2)随鱼体发育表达量逐渐升高,而绿视蛋白(RH2)中高表达的RH2b1无显著变化。LWS表达比例由1月龄57.2%降至九月龄11.4%,RH2b1表达比例由1月龄29.9%升至九月龄73.3%。随着大菱鲆由早期浮游生活转入底栖生活,表达占主导地位的视蛋白,逐渐由LWS转变为RH2b1,其光谱敏感性可能由红色敏感向绿色敏感转变。大菱鲆视蛋白在不同发育阶段表达的特征变化引发的光谱敏感性变化,可认为是其对不同光环境的适应策略。 相似文献
18.
The present study sampled the intestinal content of healthy and unhealthy Atlantic salmon( Salmo salar L.), the ambient water of unhealthy fish, and the biofilter material in the recirculating aquaculture system(RAS) to understand differences in the intestinal microbiota. The V4–V5 regions of the prokaryotic 16 S r RNA genes in the samples were analyzed by Mi Seq high-throughput sequencing. The fish were adults with no differences in body length or weight. Representative members of the intestinal microbiota were identified. The intestinal microbiota of the healthy fishincluded Proteobacteria(44.33%), Actinobacteria(17.89%), Bacteroidetes(15.25%), and Firmicutes(9.11%), among which the families Micrococcaceae and Oxalobacteraceae and genera S phingomonas, Streptomyces, Pedobacter, Janthinobacterium, Burkholderia, and Balneimonas were most abundant. Proteobacteria(70.46%), Bacteroidetes(7.59%), and Firmicutes(7.55%) dominated the microbiota of unhealthy fish, and Chloroflexi(2.71%), and Aliivibrio and Vibrio as well as genera in the family Aeromonadaceae were most strongly represented. Overall, the intestinal hindgut microbiota differed between healthy and unhealthy fish. This study off ers a useful tool for monitoring the health status of fish and for screening the utility of probiotics by studying the intestinal microbiota. 相似文献
19.
小秦岭金矿带农田土壤重金属的时空变异趋势及其意义 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
研究农田土壤重金属累积的时空变异特征及定量化预测变异趋势,是探讨土壤重金属地球化学累积效应及预警方法的关键。收集整理小秦岭金矿区以往调研资料和陆续的动态监测数据,对比分析了近28年来研究区农田土壤重金属特征污染物Hg、Pb、Cd、Cu的时空变异特征和扩散速率,并利用年均增长量和总变化率2个参数,定量计算了研究区土壤Hg、Pb、Cd、Cu的累积速率,探讨其环境意义。分析表明,1985年至今研究区农田土壤重金属Hg、Pb、Cd含量平均值持续增长,Cu有所波动,但总体也呈增长趋势。在区域分布上,Hg、Pb、Cd基本以双桥河流域为浓集中心,随着时间的推移,污染范围均逐渐扩大,且向下游有加重的趋势,Cu和Pb的污染范围虽然也在扩大,但极重污染区正在减小甚至消失。 相似文献
20.
金矿区河水和底泥中重金属含量分布与耦合关系 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
河流中河水与底泥中重金属含量之间的关系对于河流污染防治意义重大。对某金矿区3种典型河流的河水与底泥中的重金属含量进行分析,发现4条河流均有超过国家标准限值的情况,河水中7种重金属元素均出现超标,Cr、As元素超标不严重;底泥中Hg、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn超标,其中Hg超标最严重,河水和底泥中Hg最大超标倍数分别达到3099倍和244倍。河流中重金属主要赋存形态为沉积态,底泥的吸附解吸作用是河流底泥和河水中重金属沿程变化的主控因素;金矿区区域上河水和底泥中重金属很好地服从Langmuir等温吸附模式。矿业活动、地层岩性均会影响底泥对重金属的平均最大吸附容量,流径黄土区的双桥河平均最大吸附容量最大。研究结果为矿山河流污染防治与预警提供了参考依据。 相似文献