青藏高原西部地表反射率的合成分析     

张鹏飞  李国平 《山地学报》2007,25(6):649-654

利用中(国)日(本)青藏高原陆面过程合作试验(GAME/Tibet)设立于青藏高原西部狮泉河和改则两地自动气象站(AW S)1997~1998年观测的大气、辐射和土壤等资料,计算了两地的逐时地表反射率,并进行了日平均、月平均和日合成分析,据此讨论了青藏高原西部地表反射率的若干变化特征,并在计算了对反射率影响最大的因子——太阳高度角的基础上,着重讨论了青藏高原西部地表反射率的日变化特征。结果表明:夏半年,由于降水使土壤湿度增大,植被生长、地表反射率值较低;冬半年,受土壤湿度减小、雪盖覆盖影响,地表反射率值较高,12月平均值可达0.5以上。而地表反射率的日变化特征表现为,清晨、黄昏地表反射率高,中午地表反射率低,大致呈U形曲线,与太阳高度角的变化相反。该工作有助于深入了解高原地区地表反射率的平均状况及其变化特征。  相似文献   

城市热岛效应的卫星遥感分析   总被引：16，自引：1，他引：16  

王桂玲  蒋维楣  魏鸣 《南京气象学院学报》2007,30(3):298-304

利用MODIS资料研究了2004年4月南京城市热岛特征及其影响因子,结合地表覆盖类型分析了植被归一化指数(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI)、地表温度(ts)、地表反照率(α)的城乡差异及其相互关系,探讨了城市热岛(Urban Heat Island,UHI)效应形成的机制.结果表明:南京城区存在着明显的城市热岛效应;城市平均ts比乡村高约10.83%;城市NDVI和α分别比乡村低约为62%和18.75%;NDVI与ts呈负相关,相关系数为-0.73,而NDVI与α之间关系与波段有关;城乡植被覆盖差异是造成UHI的主要原因,其次是地表反照率.  相似文献   

A Simple Theoretical Radiation Scheme for Regular Building Arrays     

Manabu?KandaEmail author  Toru?Kawai  Kiyotaka?Nakagawa 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2005,114(1):71-90

We propose a simple theoretical radiation scheme for regular building arrays. The essential difference of the present radiation scheme from the previous ones is the explicit consideration of the three-dimensional features of the surface geometry. The model is assumed to be an infinitely extended regular array of uniform buildings, each building composed of six faces (roof, floor, and four vertical walls). Without using time-consuming iterations or statistical approaches, we calculated the view factors of the faces, the complicated sunlit--shadow distributions, and the resulting canopy albedo for any time and location. The model was evaluated by comparing to outdoor experiments in a wide range of seasons and surface geometries. The simulated canopy albedos agreed well with measured values, and the accuracy is a significant improvement over two-dimensional-based model outputs.  相似文献   

北冰洋浮冰区的气象要素特征   总被引：6，自引：3，他引：3       下载免费PDF全文

程彦杰  卞林根  陆龙骅  逯昌贵 《极地研究》2000,12(4):253-262

利用中国首次北极科学考察队观测的气象资料 ,初步分析研究了 1 999年 8月 1 9～ 2 4日北冰洋浮冰 ( 75°N,1 60°W)上的温、压、湿、风、云量、辐射、海表温度、冰面及冰中温度等气象要素变化特征 ,并结合 50 0 h Pa高度场分析了该期间的天气过程。结果表明 :在考察期间海面与冰面温度日变化差异明显。除晴天夜间出现逆温外 ,气温随高度增大而减小 ,冰面为热源 ,不断有向上的热量输送。海温则稳定少变。冰中热交换主要发生在冰下 0～ 40 cm深度。由于有海上湿平流等影响 ,存在“逆湿”现象。晴天反射率具有明显日变化 ,早晚大 ,中午小。海冰表面平均反射率约为 0 .76。辐射与云量特别是低云量的关系密切  相似文献   

Seasonal variation in albedo and radiation exchange between a burned and unburned forested peatland: implications for peatland evaporation          下载免费PDF全文

Dan K. Thompson  Andrew S. Baisley  James Michael Waddington 《水文研究》2015,29(14):3227-3235

Forested boreal peatlands represent a precipitation‐dependent ecosystem that is prone to wildfire disturbance. Solar radiation exchange in forested peatlands is modified by the growth of a heterogeneous, open‐crown tree canopy, as well as by likely disturbance from wildfire. Radiation exchange at the peat surface is important in peatlands, as evaporation from the peat surface is the dominant pathway of water loss in peatlands of continental western North America. We examined shortwave and longwave radiation exchange in two forested ombrotrophic peatlands of central Alberta, Canada: one with (>75 years since wildfire; unburned) and another without a living spruce canopy (1–4 years since wildfire; burned) between the autumn of 2007 and 2010. Above‐canopy winter albedo was nearly two times greater in the recently burned peatland than the unburned peatland. Incoming shortwave radiation at the peat surface was much higher at the burned peatland, which increases the amount of energy available for evaporation. This is especially true for hollow microforms that are generally shaded by the tree canopy in unburned peatlands. Snow‐free albedo was similar between peatlands, although an increase in longwave losses at the burned site resulted in slightly greater net radiation at the unburned site. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Charred forests accelerate snow albedo decay: parameterizing the post‐fire radiative forcing on snow for three years following fire          下载免费PDF全文

Kelly E. Gleason  Anne W. Nolin 《水文研究》2016,30(21):3855-3870

As large, high‐severity forest fires increase and snowpacks become more vulnerable to climate change across the western USA, it is important to understand post‐fire disturbance impacts on snow hydrology. Here, we examine, quantify, parameterize, model, and assess the post‐fire radiative forcing effects on snow to improve hydrologic modelling of snow‐dominated watersheds having experienced severe forest fires. Following a 2011 high‐severity forest fire in the Oregon Cascades, we measured snow albedo, monitored snow, and micrometeorological conditions, sampled snow surface debris, and modelled snowpack energy and mass balance in adjacent burned forest (BF) and unburned forest sites. For three winters following the fire, charred debris in the BF reduced snow albedo, accelerated snow albedo decay, and increased snowmelt rates thereby advancing the date of snow disappearance compared with the unburned forest. We demonstrate a new parameterization of post‐fire snow albedo as a function of days‐since‐snowfall and net snowpack energy balance using an empirically based exponential decay function. Incorporating our new post‐fire snow albedo decay parameterization in a spatially distributed energy and mass balance snow model, we show significantly improved predictions of snow cover duration and spatial variability of snow water equivalent across the BF, particularly during the late snowmelt period. Field measurements, snow model results, and remote sensing data demonstrate that charred forests increase the radiative forcing to snow and advance the timing of snow disappearance for several years following fire. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Retrieval of the single scattering albedo of Asian dust mixed with pollutants using lidar observations     

Sungkyun SHIN  Young Min NOH  Kwonho LEE  Hanlim LEE  Detlef MLLER  Y.J.KIM  Kwanchul KIM  Dongho SHIN 《大气科学进展》2014,31(6):1417-1426

The vertical distribution of single scattering albedos （SSAs） of Asian dust mixed with pollutants was derived using the multi-wavelength Raman lidar observation system at Gwangju （35.10°N,126.53°E）.Vertical profiles of both backscatter and extinction coefficients for dust and non-dust aerosols were extracted from a mixed Asian dust plume using the depolarization ratio from lidar observations.Vertical profiles of backscatter and extinction coefficients of non-dust particles were input into an inversion algorithm to retrieve the SSAs of non-dust aerosols.Atmospheric aerosol layers at different heights had different light-absorbing characteristics.The SSAs of non-dust particles at each height varied with aerosol type,which was either urban/industrial pollutants from China transported over long distances at high altitude,or regional/local pollutants from the Korean peninsula.Taking advantage of independent profiles of SSAs of non-dust particles,vertical profiles of SSAs of Asian dust mixed with pollutants were estimated for the first time,with a new approach suggested in this study using an empirical determination of the SSA of pure dust.The SSAs of the Asian dust-pollutants mixture within the planetary boundary layer （PBL） were in the range 0.88-0.91,while the values above the PBL were in the range 0.76-0.87,with a very low mean value of 0.76 ± 0.05.The total mixed dust plume SSAs in each aerosol layer were integrated over height for comparison with results from the Aerosol Robotics Network （AERONET） measurements.Values of SSA retrieved from lidar observations of 0.92 ± 0.01 were in good agreement with the results from AERONET measurements.  相似文献   

Radiative forcing over China due to albedo change caused by land cover change during 1990-2010     

ZHAI Jun  LIU Ronggao  LIU Jiyuan  ZHAO Guosong  HUANG Lin 《地理学报》2014,24(5):789-801

Land cover change affects surface radiation budget and energy balance by changing surface albedo and further impacts the regional and global climate. In this article, high spatial and temporal resolution satellite products were used to analyze the driving mechanism for surface albedo change caused by land cover change during 1990-2010. In addition, the annual-scale radiative forcing caused by surface albedo changes in China's 50 ecological regions were calculated to reveal the biophysical mechanisms of land cover change affecting climate change at regional scale. Our results showed that the national land cover changes were mainly caused by land reclamation, grassland desertification and urbanization in past 20 years, which were almost induced by anthropogenic activities. Grassland and forest area decreased by 0.60% and 0.11%, respectively. The area of urban and farmland increased by 0.60% and 0.19%, respectively. The mean radiative forcing caused by land cover changes during 1990-2010 was 0.062 W/m2 in China, indicating a warming climate effect. However, spatial heterogeneity of radiative forcing was huge among different ecological regions. Farmland conversing to urban construction land, the main type of land cover change for the urban and suburban agricultural ecological region in Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan region, caused an albedo reduction by 0.00456 and a maximum positive radiative forcing of 0.863 W/m2, which was presented as warming climate effects. Grassland and forest conversing to farmland, the main type of land cover change for the temperate humid agricultural and wetland ecological region in Sanjiang Plain, caused an albedo increase by 0.00152 and a maximum negative radiative forcing of 0.184 W/m2, implying cooling climate effects.  相似文献   

Empirical test of the spectral invariants theory using imaging spectroscopy data from a coniferous forest     

Petr Lukeš  Miina Rautiainen  Pauline Stenberg  Zbyněk Malenovský 《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2011

The spectral invariants theory presents an alternative approach for modeling canopy scattering in remote sensing applications. The theory is particularly appealing in the case of coniferous forests, which typically display grouped structures and require computationally intensive calculation to account for the geometric arrangement of their canopies. However, the validity of the spectral invariants theory should be tested with empirical data sets from different vegetation types. In this paper, we evaluate a method to retrieve two canopy spectral invariants, the recollision probability and the escape factor, for a coniferous forest using imaging spectroscopy data from multiangular CHRIS PROBA and NADIR-view AISA Eagle sensors. Our results indicated that in coniferous canopies the spectral invariants theory performs well in the near infrared spectral range. In the visible range, on the other hand, the spectral invariants theory may not be useful. Secondly, our study suggested that retrieval of the escape factor could be used as a new method to describe the BRDF of a canopy.  相似文献   

北极夏季海冰反照率的观测和数值模拟试验   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0       下载免费PDF全文

杨清华  程斌  雷瑞波  王先桥  杨宇  张占海 《海洋学报》2011,33(2):42-47

在中国第3次北极科学考察浮冰站开展了积雪/海冰反照率观测.本文对观测结果进行了分析,并结合一维高分辨雪/冰模式(HIGHTSI)对3个常用的反照率参数化方案在天气尺度的表现进行了评估.观测期间测站反照率变化范围0.75～0.85,其天气尺度变化同天气和表面冰、雪状况紧密相关,降雪和吹雪过程可改变表面积雪厚度及水平分布,...  相似文献