Numerical Method for Conditional Simulation of Levy Random Fields   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Scott Painter 《Mathematical Geology》1998,30(2):163-179

Stochastic simulations of subsurface heterogeneity require accurate statistical models for spatial fluctuations. Incremental values in subsurface properties were shown previously to be approximated accurately by Levy distributions in the center and in the start of the tails of the distribution. New simulation methods utilizing these observations have been developed. Multivariate Levy distributions are used to model the multipoint joint probability density. Explicit bounds on the simulated variables prevent nonphysical extreme values and introduce a cutoff in the tails of the distribution of increments. Long-range spatial dependence is introduced through off-diagonal terms in the Levy association matrix, which is decomposed to yield a maximum likelihood type estimate at unobserved locations. This procedure reduces to a known interpolation formula developed for Gaussian fractal fields in the situation of two control points. The conditional density is not univariate Levy and is not available in closed form, but can be constructed numerically. Sequential simulation algorithms utilizing the numerically constructed conditional density successfully reproduce the desired statistical properties in simulations.  相似文献   

Three-dimensional waveform sensitivity kernels   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Henk Marquering  Guust Nolet  & F.A. Dahlen 《Geophysical Journal International》1998,132(3):521-534

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Sensitivity of frequency-dependent traveltimes to laterally heterogeneous, anisotropic Earth structure     

Li Zhao  & Thomas H. Jordan 《Geophysical Journal International》1998,133(3):683-704

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Polarization anomaly of Love waves caused by lateral heterogeneity   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Reiji Kobayashi 《Geophysical Journal International》1998,135(3):893-897

We calculate surface waves propagating in a laterally heterogeneous structure beneath the Kuril trench, where significant Love-wave polarization anomalies, called quasi-Love waves, are generated. Since 3-D wave propagation in the two-dimensionally heterogeneous structure can be assumed, we apply the 2.5-D finite difference method to the surface-wave calculations. The calculations show that a velocity contrast of 7 per cent at depths of less than 210 km beneath the Kuril trench cannot generate quasi-Love waves, and that an unlikely contrast of 20 per cent is required to generate clear quasi-Love waves. The possible cause of the quasi-Love waves inferred from previous studies on coupled free oscillations is a lateral variation in azimuthal anisotropy. The lateral variation in azimuthal anisotropy beneath the Kuril trench suggests a change in the mantle flow induced by the subducting slab.  相似文献   

Spatial associations between NDVI and environmental factors in the Heihe River Basin   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Yuan  Lihua  Chen  Xiaoqiang  Wang  Xiangyu  Xiong  Zhe  Song  Changqing 《地理学报(英文版)》2019,29(9):1548-1564

Journal of Geographical Sciences - The Heihe River Basin is located in the arid and semi-arid regions of Northwest China. Here, the terrestrial ecosystem is vulnerable, making it necessary to...  相似文献   

Water source characterization through spatiotemporal patterns of major,minor and trace element stream concentrations in a complex,mesoscale German catchment     

Holger L. Fröhlich  Lutz Breuer  Hans‐Georg Frede  Johan A. Huisman  Kellie B. Vaché 《水文研究》2008,22(12):2028-2043

The link between spatiotemporal patterns of stream water chemistry and catchment characteristics for the mesoscale Dill catchment (692 km²) in Germany is explored to assess the catchment scale controls on water quality and to characterize water sources. In order to record the spatiotemporal pattern, ‘snapshot sampling’ was applied during low, mean and high flow, including 73 nested sites throughout the catchment. Water samples were analysed for the elements Li, B, Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Mo, Ba, Pb and U using inductively‐coupled‐plasma mass spectrometry, and for electric conductivity and pH. Principle component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis were used to find typical element associations and to group water samples according to their hydrochemical fingerprints. This revealed regional hydrochemical patterns of water quality which were subsequently related to catchment attributes to draw conclusions about the controls on stream chemistry. It was found that various lithologic signals and anthropogenic point source inputs controlled the base flow hydrochemistry. During increased flows, stream waters were diluted causing additional hydrochemical variability in response to heterogeneous precipitation inputs and differences in aquifer storage capacities. The hydrochemical patterns further displayed in‐stream mixing of waters. This implied, that stream waters could be apportioned to the identified water sources throughout the catchment. The basin‐wide hydrochemical variability has the potential to outrange the tracer signatures typically inferred in studies at the hillslope scale and is able to strongly influence the complexity of the catchment output. Both have to be considered for further catchment scale tracer and modelling work. Despite the likelihood of non‐conservative behaviour, the minor and trace elements enhanced the rather qualitative discrimination of the various groundwater types, as the major cations were strongly masked by point source inputs. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

基于GWR模型的中国城市雾霾污染影响因素的空间异质性研究   总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1  

王少剑  高爽  陈静 《地理研究》2020,39(3):651-668

基于全国城市的PM_2.5监测数据,识别PM_2.5的时空分布特征,并着重利用地理加权回归模型分析自然和社会经济因素对PM_2.5影响的空间异质性。结果显示：2015年全国PM_2.5的年均浓度为50.3 μg/m3,浓度变化呈现冬高夏低,春秋居中的“U型”特征;PM_2.5的空间集聚状态明显,其中京津冀城市群是全国PM_2.5的污染重心。地理加权回归结果显示：影响因素除高程外,其余指标均呈现正负两种效应,且影响程度具有显著的空间差异性特征。从回归系数的贡献均值来看,自然因素对城市PM_2.5浓度影响强度由高到低依次是高程、相对湿度、温度、降雨量、风速、植被覆盖指数;各类社会经济指标对城市PM_2.5浓度影响强度排名依次是人口密度、研发经费、建设用地比例、产业结构、外商直接投资、人均GDP。由于各指标对城市PM_2.5浓度变化的影响程度存在着空间异质性,因此在制定大气治理对策时可以考虑不同指标影响程度的空间差异,从而使得治霾对策更具针对性。  相似文献   

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单斌  傅容珊  郑勇 《大地测量与地球动力学》2009,29(1):46-51

???????????????????????????鹹????????????μ?????????????????????????????????????μ??????????????????1?????????????????????????????2???????????????μ????????????γ???????￡???80??????????????????????????????????????????μ???????????????60???????3??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????С??????????????????μ????????????????????????4???????????????????й?????γ??????????????????????????  相似文献   

Recovery of aspherical earth structure from observations of normal mode amplitudes     

F. F. Pollitz 《Geophysical Journal International》1990,102(2):313-339

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城市海量手机用户停留时空分异分析——以深圳市为例   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

徐金垒  方志祥  萧世伦  尹淩 《地球信息科学学报》2015,(2):197-205

识别海量手机数据中蕴含的行为模式,是地理学的一个研究热点与难点。目前,较多研究针对手机用户移动特征开展,而对停留及其模式的研究则相对较少;其时空分异规律对理解城市人群动态,甚至优化城市系统至关重要。本文根据人们日常时空约束条件定义了手机用户停留,提出了基于海量手机位置数据的手机用户停留模式的提取方法,以深圳市约790万个匿名手机用户一天的海量手机位置数据为例,识别出了覆盖约98%用户的典型停留模式,并结合该城市土地利用的空间分布与分异特征,剖析不同停留模式的手机用户空间分异特征和城市不同区域停留次数的时段分异特征。研究发现:(1)15种停留模式可覆盖约98%的手机用户,而且其一天不同的停留位置数量不超过4个;(2)15种停留模式手机用户在城市区域空间上的分布存在分异现象,严重受制于土地利用的空间分布;(3)城市不同区域停留次数的时段分异特征与该区域常住人口、人口密度,以及区域主要职能和性质存在较强的相关性。研究结论对理解城市手机用户行为模式的群体特征有积极的意义,对城市土地利用的科学决策和城市交通规划与预测有重要参考价值。  相似文献