“成都粘土”的成因、物源、时代及其古环境问题     

冯金良  赵振宏  赵翔  赵其华  彭社琴 《山地学报》2014,(5)

"成都粘土"由Thorp和Dye于1936年命名,用以指示分布在四川盆地西部、西北部丘陵及高阶地上的含钙质结核粘土。Thorp和Dye并提出,"成都粘土"可能是遭受风化的风尘堆积。在四川盆地西北部,发育完整的第四纪粘土剖面,自上而下可分为三层:"成都粘土"、褐色粘土及网纹红土。在Thorp和Dye之后的70多年间,"成都粘土"成为土壤学家、地理学家和地质学家所共同关注的研究对象。但是,"成都粘土"的成因、物源、时代及其古环境意义,以及"成都粘土"与青藏高原黄土、黄土高原黄土的关系是一个长期争论的、有待解决的科学问题。"成都粘土"作为可能的风成堆积,针对其的研究,对认识和了解地质时期,尤其是冰期和冰消期四川盆地西部及其周边地区风向、大气环流格局及强度,以及风尘源区的植被覆盖及干旱化等古环境变化是十分有意义的。此外,"成都粘土"及其下伏的褐色粘土和网纹红土是著名的超固结性、胀缩性和裂隙性粘土,对于这一特殊土体的研究亦具有重要的理论和实践意义。为此,就有关成都粘土的研究历史进行了回顾,并对今后的研究工作提出如下建议:1.深入调查成都粘土的分布范围及其地貌分布特征;2.开展成都粘土的精细年代学研究并建立标准剖面;3.褐色粘土和网纹红土的成因及物源的深入研究;4.确认"成都粘土"、褐色粘土及网纹红土三者间的关系及可能存在的沉积间断;5.阐明"成都粘土"与川西高原黄土、黄土高原黄土之间的物源关系;6.重建"成都粘土"的风尘传输过程及机制;7.探索各层粘土的成因及后期风化改造对其超固结性、胀缩性和裂隙性发育的影响。  相似文献   

Thermal conductivity of reinforced soils: A literature review     

Muge Elif Orakoglu  JianKun Liu 《寒旱区科学》2014,6(4):0409-0414

This paper aims a review of the literature related to soil reinforcements to achieve lower soil thermal conductivity （2）. The use of various natural and synthetic fibers, polymers, geosynthetics, agricultural waste/materials, and nanoclays is discussed and existing prediction models that have been thought to affect low thermal conductivity are presented.  相似文献   

新疆二红洼镁铁—超镁铁岩体橄榄石成因及其对硫化物熔离的指示     

孙涛  钱壮志  张瑞  张江江  姜超  杨素红  王若梅 《地质学报》2014,88(8):1494-1503

二红洼岩体位于新疆东天山黄山镁铁—超镁铁岩带的西段,地表由南、北两个小岩体组成,北岩体出露面积约1.42km2,呈北东—南西向展布;南岩体在呈椭圆形,出露面积约为6.25km2。岩体可分为两个侵入期次:第一侵入期次岩性为(含长)二辉橄榄岩和橄榄辉长岩,第二侵入期次岩性为辉长苏长岩和淡色辉长岩,辉长苏长岩侵入于第一期次形成的含长二辉橄榄岩和橄榄辉长岩中。岩体橄榄石Fo值在80.9~89.7之间,为贵橄榄石;Ni含量变化范围较大,主要集中在102.19×10-6~4319.66×10-6之间。岩体母岩浆MgO含量为10.3%,FeO含量为10.8%;回归计算结果显示二红洼岩体的原始岩浆中MgO含量为15.73%,FeO含量为10.71%。在橄榄石的结晶过程中母岩浆达到硫饱和,并发生有硫化物的熔离作用;橄榄石与硫化物的晶出质量比(橄榄石:硫化物)为50~100∶1。通过岩石学、矿物学特征以及模拟计算结果表明,二红洼岩体具有形成铜镍矿床的基本条件,但是岩体在深部岩浆房已经达到硫饱和并发生了硫化物的熔离作用,导致母岩浆中亏损Ni、Cu等成矿元素,未能形成工业矿体;在以后找矿勘探中,需要寻找早期硫化物熔离所形成的那部分硫化物熔体,并进一步寻找成矿富集的有利地段。  相似文献   

内蒙古喀喇沁旗安家营子金矿红化蚀变的特征及其实质   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

张宇  李永刚  李飞  张洪涛  种松树 《岩石学报》2014,30(2):576-588

安家营子金矿普遍出现红化蚀变,过去一直被认为是钾长石化,并将其看做一种找矿标志,但是效果甚微。经野外地质及室内镜下观察结合电子探针、扫描电镜和主量元素分析确定红化并非钾长石化,而是由绢云母、钠长石、绿帘石和铁的氧化物以及少量钾长石的矿物组合分布在斜长石内部造成的。其过程可能是早期含Na流体通过斜长石内部的显微孔隙,交代形成钠长石,释放出Al和Ca,然后结合流体中的其他成分形成绢云母和绿帘石。随着绢云母的大量生成,a K+/a H+变大,再生成钾长石,便形成了钠长石、绢云母、绿帘石和钾长石的组合。而变红的直接原因是由于在钠长石化过程,花岗岩中斜长石或云母中的铁被释放出来,或者流体中带来的Fe,以氧化物的形式充填在显微孔隙中,形成了肉眼所见到的红色。在蚀变较弱的区域,红化蚀变只出现在核部,边部几乎没有蚀变,形成明显的净边结构。这是由于斜长石的核部存在大量的显微孔隙造成的。斜长石在形成过程中核部结晶速率非常快,所以容易捕获周围的熔体或流体形成显微孔隙,而边部生长速度相对较慢,几乎没有孔隙出现,这些孔隙的分布控制了后来的红化蚀变的分布。所以,红化蚀变并非简单的钾长石化,而是斜长石和流体发生的一系列生成钠长石、绢云母、绿帘石和钾长石的相对复杂的蚀变。而这种蚀变在花岗岩地区分布较为普遍,并不一定与成矿作用有关,且其分布范围有限,同流体的物质交换较少,对找矿和成矿作用的意义有限。  相似文献   

动应力对粉质土变形、强度的影响     

左辉  张留栓 《岩土工程技术》2014,28(6):311-315

研山铁矿设计采用露天开采,最终最大边坡高达600m。边坡上部为粉土和粉砂、中砂、卵石、粉质粘土,下部为砂质粘性土和砾质粘性土。由于边坡高,受环境动应力影响因素大,因此分析粉土和粉质粘土层在动应力作用下对变形和强度的影响,对边坡稳定分析具有重要意义。  相似文献   

CTMA-蒙脱石吸附苯分子的分子动力学模拟研究     

沈伟  周青  朱润良  魏景明  朱建喜 《矿物学报》2014,(4)

有机粘土对疏水性有机污染物吸附性能良好,在环境有机污染控制中有广阔的应用前景。明确有机污染物在有机粘土上吸附的微观结构特征是探明其吸附机理,提高其污染控制效率的关键。论文以十六烷基三甲基铵阳离子改性蒙脱石(CTMA-Mont)为有机粘土代表,采用分子动力学模拟技术,模拟研究了水环境条件下CTMA-蒙脱石对典型疏水性有机污染物苯的吸附特征,得到了CTMA-Mont层间域内原子尺度微观结构。研究发现苯分子主要吸附在CTMA烷基链聚集体内,而蒙脱石硅氧烷表面由于受到烷基链的竞争而对苯分子的吸附能力较弱。随着CTMA负载量的增加,层间域内烷基链聚集体的体积增大,因而能为苯分子提供更多的吸附位点,CTMA-Mont吸附性能相应增强。  相似文献   

外加剂与水泥掺量对有机质水泥红黏土强度的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

刘宝臣  张晨富  唐黔 《地质科技情报》2014,(5)

在有不同外加剂的水泥加固条件下,通过三轴试验、压缩试验、无侧限抗压强度试验,探讨水泥掺量与水泥土黏聚力、内摩擦角、压缩系数及无侧限抗压强度之间的相关关系,并对试验结果进行回归分析。试验结果表明,无论在有无外加剂的条件下,水泥土黏聚力、内摩擦角、无侧限抗压强度都随水泥掺量的增加而逐渐增加,增加的幅度却逐渐变小,它们的变化趋势总体上是一致的,并且外加剂类型对它们的作用效果都表现为:高效减水剂复合早强剂早强减水剂无外加剂。但其压缩系数却随着水泥掺量的增加而近似于直线不断减小,在相同水泥掺量时,无外加剂的水泥土的压缩系数最高,早强减水剂的水泥土的压缩系数又分别大于复合早强剂、高效减水剂水泥土的压缩系数。高效减水剂对提高水泥土力学强度的效果最明显。  相似文献   

Determination of trace and rare-earth elements in Chinese soil and clay reference materials by ICP-MS   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Ye Liu  Chunrong Diwu  Yan Zhao  Xiaoming Liu  Honglin Yuan  Jianqi Wang 《中国地球化学学报》2014,33(1):95-102

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS) has become a powerful tool for providing reliable analytical results in many laboratories around the word. In this study, the mixture of HF and HNO3 acids in high-temperature and high-pressure closed-vessel digestion technique were used to decompose some Chinese reference materials, and thirty seven elements were determined by ICP-MS. Most of the results for Chinese soil reference materials were found to be in reasonable agreement with the reference values, except Cs, Ta, Li, Ge, Zn, Nd, Tb and Ta whose values need to be revised. Their precisions were typically lower than 5% RSD. However, the Precisions of Chinese clay reference materials, especially for GBW03102 and GBW03102a, were significantly different with reference values, probably reflecting the existence of a coarser-grained fraction(70 μm) in samples, and the formation of fluorides in Al-rich samples during sample decomposition by using the mixture of HF and HNO3 acids. Moreover, thirty-seven trace elements covering the mass range from Li to U in four Chinese clay reference materials were firstly provided with good precision and accuracy in this study.  相似文献   

Mineral characteristics and their geological significance of black shales in southeastern Ordos Basin by X-ray diffraction analysis     

Zhigang Yao  Yang Yang  Huawei Ying  Yunpeng Dong 《中国地球化学学报》2014,33(1):119-124

X-ray diffraction analysis of black shale of Upper Triassic Member Chang 7 of the Yanchang Formation in southeastern Ordos Basin showed that black shales were deposited in brackish, strongly reducing, semi-deep-deep lacustrine facies, and mainly composed of quartz, feldspar, carbonate （dolomite）, clay minerals （illite and il- lite/smectite） and a certain amount of pyrite. The mineral composition characteristics of this set of black shales are similar to those of highly productive shale gas in North America, for example shallow burial, low clay mineral and abundant brittle mineral, so the strata are conducive to the development of cracks and fractures. Thus, this area is favorable for shale oil/gas exploration and development.  相似文献   

Paleoclimate and Paleoenvironment of Gonghe Basin, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, During the Lastdeglacial: Weathering, Erosion and Vegetation Cover Affect Clay Mineral Formation     

SUN Qingfeng  Christophe COLIN 《《地质学报》英文版》2014,88(2):647-660

With the analysis of the sources and formation mechanism of the clay minerals in the sediment core from the Dalianhai lake in the Gonghe Basin,northeastern Tibet-Qinghai Plateau,clay mineral composition proxies,grain-size and carbonate contents have been employed for high-resolution study in order to reconstruct East Asian Summer Monsoon （EASM） over the northeastern Tibet-Qinghai Plateau during the lastdeglacial.The study also extended to establish a relationship between vegetation cover changes and erosion during the last 14.5 ka with pollen record and clay mineral proxies.Smectite/kaolinite and smectite/（illite＋chlorite） ratios allow us to assess hydrolysis conditions in lowlands and/or physical erosion process in highlands of the Gonghe Basin.Before 12.9 Cal ka BP,both mineralogical ratios show low values indicative of strong physical erosion in the basin with a dominant cold and dry phase.After 12.9 Cal ka BP,an increase in both mineralogical ratios indicates enhanced chemical weathering in the basin associated with a warm and humid climate.The beginning of Holocene is characterized by high smectite/（illite＋chlorite） and smectite/kaolinite ratios that is synchronous as with deposition of many peat laminae,implying the best warm and humid conditions specifically between 8.0 to 5.5 Cal ka BP.The time interval after 5.0 Cai ka BP is characterized by a return to high physical erosion and low chemical weathering with dry climate conditions in the basin.Comparing variations of clay mineral assemblages with previous pollen results,we observe a rapid response in terms of chemical weathering and physical erosion intensity to a modification of the vegetation cover in the basin.  相似文献