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131.
Evidence from over 200 sediment cores, numerous submersible dives, and bottom photographs prove that bioturbation and bioerosion are ongoing processes affecting northeastern U.S. continental slope and rise sedimentation. Evidence of biological activity was found in greater than 95% of the cores examined. Submersible dive observations reveal that the results of biological activity often dominate sea-floor microtopography. Bioturbation can disturb sediments several centimeters deep in a matter of seconds and is in some areas the primary sediment transport mechanism. Many cores with sandy intervals were profoundly disturbed by bioturbation. Biologically camouflaged sand-rich intervals can easily be missed by visual observation. 相似文献
132.
Jason M. Dortch Lewis A. Owen William C. Haneberg Marc W. Caffee Craig Dietsch Ulrich Kamp 《Quaternary Science Reviews》2009,28(11-12):1037-1054
Four large landslides, each with a debris volume >106 m3, in the Himalaya and Transhimalaya of northern India were examined, mapped, and dated using 10Be terrestrial cosmogenic radionuclide surface exposure dating. The landslides date to 7.7±1.0 ka (Darcha), 7.9±0.8 ka (Patseo), 6.6±0.4 ka (Kelang Serai), and 8.5±0.5 ka (Chilam). Comparison of slip surface dips and physically reasonable angles of internal friction suggests that the landslides may have been triggered by increased pore water pressure, seismic shaking, or a combination of these two processes. However, the steepness of discontinuities in the Darcha rock-slope, suggests that it was more likely to have started as a consequence of gravitationally-induced buckling of planar slabs. Deglaciation of the region occurred more than 2000 years before the Darcha, Patseo, and Kelang Serai landslides; it is unlikely that glacial debuttressing was responsible for triggering the landslides. The four landslides, their causes, potential triggers and mechanisms, and their ages are compared to 12 previously dated large landslides in the region. Fourteen of the 16 dated landslides occurred during periods of intensified monsoons. Seismic shaking, however, cannot be ruled out as a mechanism for landslide initiation, because the Himalaya has experienced great earthquakes on centennial to millennial timescales. The average Holocene landscape lowering due to large landslides for the Lahul region, which contains the Darcha, Patseo, and Kelang Serai landslides, is ~0.12 mm/yr. Previously published large-landslide landscape-lowering rates for the Himalaya differ significantly. Furthermore, regional glacial and fluvial denudation rates for the Himalaya are more than an order of magnitude greater. This difference highlights the lack of large-landslide data, lack of chronology, problems associated with single catchment/large landslide-based calculations, and the need for regional landscape-lowering determinations over a standardized time period. 相似文献
133.
Molecular characterization of uranium(VI) sorption complexes on iron(III)-rich acid mine water colloids 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kai-Uwe Ulrich André Rossberg Harald Foerstendorf Andreas C. Scheinost 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2006,70(22):5469-5487
A mixing of metal-loaded acid mine drainage with shallow groundwater or surface waters usually initiates oxidation and/or hydrolysis of dissolved metals such as iron (Fe) and aluminum (Al). Colloidal particles may appear and agglomerate with increasing pH. Likewise chemical conditions may occur while flooding abandoned uranium mines. Here, the risk assessment of hazards requires reliable knowledge on the mobility of uranium (U). A flooding process was simulated at mesocosm scale by mixing U-contaminated acid mine water with near-neutral groundwater under oxic conditions. The mechanism of U-uptake by fresh precipitates and the molecular structure of U bonding were determined to estimate the mobility of U(VI). Analytical and spectroscopic methods such as Extended X-ray Absorption Fine-Structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy at the Fe K-edge and the U LIII-edge, and Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy were employed. The freshly formed precipitate was identified as colloidal two-line ferrihydrite. It removed U(VI) from solution by sorption processes, while surface precipitation or structural incorporation of U was not observed. EXAFS data suggest a mononuclear inner-sphere, edge-sharing complex of U(VI) with ferrihydrite in the absence of dissolved carbonate. By employing a novel EXAFS analysis method, Monte Carlo Target Transformation Factor Analysis, we could for the first time ascertain a 3-D configuration of this sorption complex without the necessity to invoke formation of a ternary complex. The configuration suggests a slightly tilted position of the adsorbed unit relative to the edge-sharing Fe(O, OH)6 octahedra. In the presence of dissolved carbonate and at pH ∼8.0, a distal carbonate O-atom at ∼4.3 Å supports formation of ternary U(VI)-carbonato surface complexes. The occurrence of these complexes was also confirmed by ATR-FTIR. However, in slightly acidic conditions (pH 5-6) in equilibrium with atmospheric CO2, the U(VI) sorption on ferrihydrite was dominated by the binary complex species Fe(O)2UO2, whereas ternary U(VI)-carbonato surface complexes were of minor relevance. While sulfate and silicate were also present in the mine water, they had no detectable influence on U(VI) surface complexation. Our experiments demonstrate that U(VI) forms stable inner-sphere sorption complexes even in the presence of carbonate and at slightly alkaline pH, conditions which previously have been assumed to greatly accelerate the mobility of U(VI) in aqueous environments. Depending on the concentrations of U(VI) and carbonate, the type of surface complexes may change from binary uranyl-ferrihydrite to ternary carbonato-uranyl-ferrihydrite complexes. These different binding mechanisms are likely to influence the binding stability and retention of U(VI) at the macroscopic level. 相似文献
134.
T. Appourchaux P. Liewer M. Watt D. Alexander V. Andretta F. Auchère P. D’Arrigo J. Ayon T. Corbard S. Fineschi W. Finsterle L. Floyd G. Garbe L. Gizon D. Hassler L. Harra A. Kosovichev J. Leibacher M. Leipold N. Murphy M. Maksimovic V. Martinez-Pillet B. S. A. Matthews R. Mewaldt D. Moses J. Newmark S. Régnier W. Schmutz D. Socker D. Spadaro M. Stuttard C. Trosseille R. Ulrich M. Velli A. Vourlidas C. R. Wimmer-Schweingruber T. Zurbuchen 《Experimental Astronomy》2009,23(3):1079-1117
The POLAR Investigation of the Sun (POLARIS) mission uses a combination of a gravity assist and solar sail propulsion to place
a spacecraft in a 0.48 AU circular orbit around the Sun with an inclination of 75° with respect to solar equator. This challenging
orbit is made possible by the challenging development of solar sail propulsion. This first extended view of the high-latitude
regions of the Sun will enable crucial observations not possible from the ecliptic viewpoint or from Solar Orbiter. While
Solar Orbiter would give the first glimpse of the high latitude magnetic field and flows to probe the solar dynamo, it does
not have sufficient viewing of the polar regions to achieve POLARIS’s primary objective: determining the relation between
the magnetism and dynamics of the Sun’s polar regions and the solar cycle.
相似文献
T. AppourchauxEmail: |
135.
The Archean Murchison greenstone belt, Limpopo Province, South Africa, represents a rifted epicontinental arc sequence containing
the largest volcanic-hosted massive sulfide (VMS) district in Southern Africa. The so-called Cu–Zn line is host to 12 deposits
of massive sulfide mineralization including: Maranda J, LCZ, Romotshidi, Mon Desir, Solomons, and Mashawa with a total tonnage
of three million metric tons of very high grade Zn, subordinate Cu, and variable Pb and Au ore. The deposits developed during
initial phases of highly evolved felsic volcanism between 2,974.8 ± 3.6 and 2,963.2 ± 6.4 Ma and are closely associated with
quartz porphyritic rhyolite domes. Elevated heat supply ensured regional hydrothermal convection along the entire rift. Recurrent
volcanism resulted in frequent disruption of hydrothermal discharge and relative short-lived episodes of hydrothermal activity,
probably responsible for the small size of the deposits. Stable thermal conditions led to the development of mature hydrothermal
vent fields from focused fluid discharge and sulfide precipitation within thin layers of felsic volcaniclastic rocks. Two
main ore suites occur in the massive sulfide deposits of the “Cu–Zn line”: (1) a low-temperature venting, polymetallic assemblage
of Zn, Pb, Sb, As, Cd, Te, Bi, Sn, ±In, ±Au, ±Mo occurring in the pyrite- and sphalerite-dominated ore types and (2) a higher
temperature suite of Cu, Ag, Au, Se, In, Co, Ni is associated with chalcopyrite-bearing ores. Sphalerite ore, mineralogy,
and geochemical composition attest to hydrothermal activity at relatively low temperatures of ≤250 °C for the entire rift,
with short-lived pulses of higher temperature upflow, reflected by proportions of Zn-rich versus Cu-rich deposits. Major-
and trace-metal composition of the deposits and Pb isotope signatures reflect the highly evolved felsic source rock composition.
Geological setting, host rock composition, and metallogenesis share many similarities not only with Archean VMS districts
in Canada and Australia but also with recent arc–back-arc systems on the modern seafloor where fragments of continental crust
and areas of elevated heat flow are involved in petrogenetic and associated metallogenic processes. 相似文献
136.
We present the results using the AutoClass analysis application available at NASA/Ames Intelligent Systems Div. (2002) which is a Bayesian, finite mixture model classification system developed by Cheeseman and Stutz (1996). We apply this system to Mount Wilson Solar Observatory (MWO) intensity and magnetogram images and classify individual pixels
on the solar surface to calculate daily indices that are then correlated with total solar irradiance (TSI) to yield a set
of regression coefficients. This approach allows us to model the TSI with a correlation of better than 0.96 for the period
1996 to 2007. These regression coefficients applied to classified pixels on the observed solar surface allow the construction
of images of the Sun as it would be seen by TSI measuring instruments like the Solar Bolometric Imager recently flown by Foukal
et al. (Astrophys. J. 611, L57, 2004). As a consequence of the very high correlation we achieve in reproducing the TSI record, our approach holds out the possibility
of creating an on-going, accurate, independent estimate of TSI variations from ground-based observations which could be used
to compare, and identify the sources of disagreement among, TSI observations from the various satellite instruments and to
fill in gaps in the satellite record. Further, our spatially-resolved images should assist in characterizing the particular
solar surface regions associated with TSI variations. Also, since the particular set of MWO data on which this analysis is
based is available on a daily basis back to at least 1985, and on an intermittent basis before then, it will be possible to
estimate the TSI emission due to identified solar surface features at several solar minima to constrain the role surface magnetic
effects have on long-term trends in solar energy output. 相似文献
137.
This paper summarizes the governing equations as implemented in the MIN3P multicomponent flow and reactive transport code (Mayer et al., Water Resour Res 38:1174, 2002) and introduces the equations in discretized form. Linearization and solution methods are presented including adaptive time stepping and update modification schemes. Code-specific details for the implementation of the GdR MoMaS benchmark simulations (Carrayrou et al., Comput Geosci, 2009) are presented. The standard version of the MIN3P code was used to solve the Easy, Medium, and Hard Test Cases, in one and two spatial dimensions, for both advection- and diffusion-dominated conditions. An analysis of the sensitivity of the solution in relation to spatial and temporal discretization parameters is provided for the Easy Test Case, selected results are presented for the Medium and Hard Test Cases, and the performance of the code as a function of discretization parameters is evaluated for all test cases. 相似文献
138.
Ulrich Wieczorek 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2010,99(1):201-205
The deviation of the insolation on the earth’s surface from the past to the present and the present to the future for cloudless
days is calculated in intervals of 1,000 years from 100000 years before present (BP) to 100000 years after present (AP), its
basis being Milankovic’s theory. But the result are not the well-known Milankovic-curves, which are calculated for different
latitudes and in which the x-axis represents years and the y-axis represents the insolation difference to present during the North-summer half-year. The calculations are made for each
day of the selected years from the South Pole to the North Pole. Thus, two temporal dimensions are represented, that of a
year and that of a day, furthermore the spatial dimension “latitude” and the dimension “energy” (insolation deviation). The
performance of modern PCs allows the results of the calculations to be presented by a graphical animation. A determined deviation
pattern of the insolation is obtained for each year. δ18O data, the mean global temperature and the additional ice volume on the continents are added to the graphic representations
of those patterns for the period from 100000 years BP to the present. During that period insolation deviation patterns can
be recognised which correlate with cool climates or climates getting cooler, and others which correlate with relatively warm
climates or climates getting warmer. Correlations between the patterns are calculated and groups of similar patterns can be
composed which can be associated in most cases with specific climatic conditions or specific climatic change. Comparison of
patterns between 100000 years and present BP with patterns between present and 100000 years AP can help to estimate climatic
change during the 100000 years ahead. 相似文献
139.
A new method to reconstruct aquatic palaeoenvironments is presented. It is based on a non-metrical ‘fish environment reconstruction
index’ (FERI), calculated for the total fish community recorded at an archaeological site. As an example, a FERI is generated
for the Baltic Sea using the ecological requirements of northern European fish species. The present study evaluates the proposed
method by using fish bone assemblages from a region (the middle Holocene Baltic Sea coast) with well-studied hydrographic
history. The bones originate from consecutive human riparian and coastal settlements of hunter-gatherers. The results obtained
for the parameters salinity and sediment structure correlate well with geological knowledge. The new method shows a successive
change from freshwater to brackish and finally to nearly marine conditions before, during, and towards the end of the marine
transgression that created the present Baltic Sea. Additionally, a shift in the sediment structure from muddy to sandy/rocky
conditions is recognisable. 相似文献
140.