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21.
Tsutomu Ota Masaru Terabayashi Christopher D. Parkinson and Hideki Masago 《Island Arc》2000,9(3):328-357
Abstract To investigate the regional thermobaric structure of the diamondiferous Kokchetav ultrahigh‐pressure and high‐pressure (UHP–HP) massif and adjacent units, eclogite and other metabasites in the Kulet and Saldat–Kol regions, northern Kazakhstan, were examined. The UHP–HP massif is subdivided into four units, bounded by subhorizontal faults. Unit I is situated at the lowest level of the massif and consists of garnet–amphibolite and acidic gneiss with minor pelitic schist and orthogneiss. Unit II, which structurally overlies Unit I, is composed mainly of pelitic schist and gneiss, and whiteschist locally with abundant eclogite blocks. The primary minerals observed in Kulet and Saldat–Kol eclogites are omphacite, sodic augite, garnet, quartz, rutile and minor barroisite, hornblende, zoisite, clinozoisite and phengite. Rare kyanite occurs as inclusions in garnet. Coesite inclusions occur in garnet porphyroblasts in whiteschist from Kulet, which are closely associated with eclogite masses. Unit III consists of alternating orthogneiss and amphibolite with local eclogite masses. The structurally highest unit, Unit IV, is composed of quartzitic schist with minor pelitic, calcareous, and basic schist intercalations. Mineral assemblages and compositions, and occurrences of polymorphs of SiO2 (quartz or coesite) in metabasites and associated rocks in the Kulet and Saldat–Kol regions indicate that the metamorphic grades correspond to epidote–amphibolite, through high‐pressure amphibolite and quartz–eclogite, to coesite–eclogite facies conditions. Based on estimations by several geothermobarometers, eclogite from Unit II yielded the highest peak pressure and temperature conditions in the UHP–HP massif, with metamorphic pressure and temperature decreasing towards the upper and lower structural units. The observed thermobaric structure is subhorizontal. The UHP–HP massif is overlain by a weakly metamorphosed unit to the north and is underlain by the low‐pressure Daulet Suite to the south; boundaries are subhorizontal faults. There is a distinct pressure gap across these boundaries. These suggest that the highest grade unit, Unit II, has been selectively extruded from the greatest depths within the UHP–HP unit during the exhumation process, and that all of the UHP–HP unit has been tectonically intruded and juxtaposed into the adjacent lower grade units at shallower depths of about 10 km. 相似文献
22.
Dynamic spectra of S-bursts of Jovian decametric radiations are obtained by using a high time resolution radio spectrograph
which has a time resolutionof 2 msec and the bandwidth of 2 MHz.Within occurrence of 65 S-burst events observed in the period
from 1983 to 1999, 26 events have been identified as the S-N burst events, which are characterized by the interaction between
the S-burst emissions and the Narrow band emissions. In the dynamic spectra of the S-N burst, the trend of emissions with
negative and slower frequency drift named as “Trailing Edge Emission” are often observed shortly after the appearance of the
S-burst.Detailed analyses of these phenomena revealed that the Trailing Edge Emission is not a manifestation of S-burst with
slower drift rate but a variation ofN-burst. The results suggested that S-burst and the associated Trailing Edge Emission
are formed simultaneously started from a common region with different drift rates. It has been further suggested that the
appearance of the S-burstsis not controlled by the geometrical effect between the source region and theobserver, but directly
reflects the generation of the source region widelydistributed in an altitude range from a few thousands km to 30,000 km,
alongthe Io flux tube.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
23.
Bulk density effects on soil hydrologic and thermal characteristics: A numerical investigation 下载免费PDF全文
Soil bulk density (ρb) is commonly treated as static in studies of land surface dynamics. Magnitudes of errors associated with this assumption are largely unknown. Our objectives were to (a) quantify ρb effects on soil hydrologic and thermal properties and (b) evaluate effects of ρb on surface energy balance and heat and water transfer. We evaluated 6 soil properties, volumetric heat capacity, thermal conductivity, soil thermal diffusivity, water retention characteristics, hydraulic conductivity, and vapour diffusivity, over a range of ρb, using a combination of 6 models. Thermal conductivity, water retention, hydraulic conductivity, and vapour diffusivity were most sensitive to ρb, each changing by fractions greater than the associated fractional changes in ρb. A 10% change in ρb led to 10–11% change in thermal conductivity, 6–11% change in saturated and residual water content, 49–54% change in saturated hydraulic conductivity, and 80% change in vapour diffusivity. Subsequently, 3 field seasons were simulated with a numerical model (HYDRUS‐1D) for a range of ρb values. When ρb increased 25% (from 1.2 to 1.5 Mg m?3), soil temperature variation decreased by 2.1 °C in shallow layers and increased by 1 °C in subsurface layers. Surface water content differed by 0.02 m3 m?3 for various ρb values during drying events but differences mostly disappeared in the subsurface. Matric potential varied by >100 m of water. Surface energy balance showed clear trends with ρb. Latent heat flux decreased 6%, sensible heat flux increased 9%, and magnitude of ground heat flux varied by 18% (with a 25% ρb increase). Transient ρb impacted surface conditions and fluxes, and clearly, it warrants consideration in field and modelling investigations. 相似文献
24.
Shizuo Tsunogai Shinichiro Noriki Koh Harada Taro Kurosaki Yasunori Watanabe Masaru Maedaa 《Journal of Oceanography》1986,42(2):83-90
Settling particles were collected at 1,460 m and 3,760 m depth in the Antarctic Ocean with sediment traps of time series type. The total deployment period of 40 days was divided into four terms of 10 days each. Seawater samples were collected both at deployment and retrieval of the traps at each site. During the 42 days the concentration of silicate in the surface water decreased by 32%, whereas those of nitrate and phosphate decreased by only 4–5%. The total particulate flux in the Antarctic Ocean is the largest among those hitherto observed in the world ocean. The time variation of the particulate flux at 1,460 m depth almost coincided with that at 3,760 m. The settling particles were comprised roughly of 80% biogenic silica, 15% organic matter and 5% other substances including sea salt. The clay fraction was only 0.05% at 1,460 m depth. The settling flux of biogenic silica agrees fairly well with the calculated rate of change in the concentration of silicate in the surface 100 m. Thus it is concluded that preferential propagation of diatoms reduces the concentration of silicate prior to other nutrients in the Antarctic Ocean. 相似文献
25.
The uranium content and activity ratio A234U/A238U were determined in open ocean water, marine plankton, marine algae and sea water in the environment in which plankton and
algae live. The average uranium content of 3.34±0.28×10−6 g/l and the average activity ratio of 1.13±0.04 were obtained in open ocean water. The uranium contents in plankton and algae
were respectively from 1.7 to 7.8×10−7 g/g and 0.4 to 23.5×10−7 g/g on dry basis with the respective concentration factors of 48 to 260 and 10 to 733. The activity ratio in plankton and
algae ranged from 1.07 to 1.18 which coincided well with those in the environmental sea water. 相似文献
26.
Philip Lah Jayaram N. Chengalur Frank H. Briggs Matthew Colless Roberto De Propris Michael B. Pracy W. J. G. de Blok Shinobu S. Fujita Masaru Ajiki Yasuhiro Shioya Tohru Nagao Takashi Murayama Yoshiaki Taniguchi Masafumi Yagi Sadanori Okamura 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2007,376(3):1357-1366
27.
Keita W. Suzuki Akihide Kasai Takane Isoda Kouji Nakayama Masaru Tanaka 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2008
To assess the potential of stable isotope ratios as an indicator of fish migration within estuaries, stable isotope ratios in important zooplankton species were analyzed in relation to estuarine salinity gradients. Gut contents from migratory juveniles of the euryhaline marine fish Lateolabrax japonicus were examined along the Chikugo River estuary of the Ariake Sea, which has the most developed estuarine turbidity maximum (ETM) in Japan. Early juveniles in March and April preyed primarily on two copepod species; Sinocalanus sinensis at lower salinities and Acartia omorii at higher salinities. Late juveniles (standard length > 40 mm) at lower salinities preyed exclusively on the mysid Acanthomysis longirostris until July and complementarily on the decapod Acetes japonicus in August. These prey species were collected along the estuary during the spring–summer seasons of 2003 and 2004, and their carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios (δ13C and δ15N) were evaluated. The δ13C values of prey species were distinct from each other and were primarily depleted within and in close proximity to the ETM (salinity < 10); S. sinensis (−26.6‰) < Acanthomysis longirostris (−23.3‰) < Acartia omorii (−21.1‰) < Acetes japonicus (−18.5‰). The overall gradient of δ13C with salinity occurred for all prey species and showed minor temporal fluctuations, while it was not directly influenced by the δ13C values in particulate organic matter along the estuary. In contrast to δ13C, the δ15N values of prey species did not exhibit any clear relationship with salinity. The present study demonstrated that δ13C has the potential for application as a tracer of fish migration into lower salinity areas including the ETM. 相似文献
28.
Ayumi Fujisaki Hajime Yamaguchi Takenobu Toyota Akio Futatsudera Masaru Miyanaga 《Journal of Oceanography》2009,65(4):487-498
The air-ice drag coefficient under neutral stratification C
DN
was measured with the eddy correlation method in the southern Sea of Okhotsk. The disturbance of the wind field caused by
the ship’s structure was evaluated by computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and two types of correction methods were applied
to estimate the error span of C
DN
: one is based on the results of CFD, and the other is based on the parameterization of C
DN
over open water suggested by Taylor and Yelland (2001). The C
DN
× 103 values finally obtained ranged from 1.9 to 5.4 with a mean value of 2.7 by the CFD correction and from 1.5 to 5.0 with a
mean value of 3.1 by the other method. This is somewhat larger than the value of 2.5 suggested by Shirasawa (1981), and in
the same range as 2.2–4.0 over rough ice and 3.1–5.0 over very rough ice, values which were complied by Guest and Davidson
(1991) for first year ice. Most of the ice conditions were characterized by broken floes with a diameter less than 100 m and
raised rims, which made the surface rougher than flat, level ice. The relation between C
DN
and ice concentration was not clear, mainly because the contribution of the form drag caused at the freeboard was undetectable
due to the great variation of ice surface condition. The roughness length z
M
was also evaluated using the model developed for snow covered ice in a previous study. 相似文献
29.
Urban albedo as a function of the urban structure — A two-dimensional numerical simulation 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Urban albedo change as a function of urban geometrical structure has been examined by using a two-dimensional urban block-canyon array model. The complex multiple reflections of incident photons in the urban canyon are simulated by using a Monte-Carlo method. The photons are tracked until they leave the canyon or are completely absorbed. In the model, the direct and diffuse components of incident solar radiation are introduced and the specular and isotropic reflection characteristics are considered for the relevant urban surfaces. The result shows that the urban albedo decreases as the urban irregularity increases as indicated by the model experiment of Aida (1982). The dependence of albedo on the incident solar zenith angle observed in the experiment is also confirmed for various urban models.As an application, some actual urban structures in the Marunouchi area in Tokyo are examined. Urban planning for absorption and reflection of solar radiation in urban areas is also discussed based on the analysis of the change in albedo with canyon dimensions and solar zenith angle. 相似文献
30.
Masaru Aida 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1982,23(4):405-413
A model experiment has been carried out in order to examine the effect of surface irregularity of an urban structure on the anomalous absorption of incident solar radiation. Several models of an urban structure resembling buildings and canyons were constructed by using concrete blocks in cubic form. By building and dismantling the urban models, the albedo change as a function of solar zenith angle was observed throughout the year. The result shows that the absorption increment originating from the irregular urban structure amounts to about 20% as compared with the absorption by a flat surface of the same material. The amount of additional absorption depends on the relative area occupied by canyons in the model. 相似文献