Fractal dimensions of suspended solids in streams: comparison of sampling and analysis techniques     

Dirk H. de Boer  Mike Stone 《水文研究》1999,13(2):239-254

Fluvial suspended sediment typically consists of a variety of complex, composite particles referred to as flocs. Floc characteristics are determined by factors such as the source, size and geochemical properties of the primary particles, chemical and biological coagulation processes in the water column and shear stress and turbulence levels in the stream. Studies of floc morphology have used two contrasting methods of sampling and analysis. In the first method, particles settle on a microscope slide and are observed from below using an inverted microscope. The second method uses filtration at no or low vacuum and particles deposited on the filter are observed with a microscope. Floc morphology can be quantified using fractal dimensions. The aims of the present study were to examine the effect of the two sampling methods on the fractal dimensions of particle populations, and to evaluate for each method how well the fractal dimensions at the various sampling sites reflect basin conditions. Suspended solids were collected in triplicate on inverted microscope slides and on 0·45 μm Millipore HA filters in two southern Ontario streams with contrasting riparian zones during a minor runoff event resulting from the melt of a freshly fallen snowpack. An image analysis system was used to determine area, longest axis and perimeter of particles. The morphology of the particle population of each sample was characterized using four fractal dimensions (D, D₁, D₂ and D_K). Systematic differences in fractal dimensions obtained with the two methods were observed. For the settling method, outlines of larger particles were frequently blurred because of the distance between the focal plane (the top of the inverted microscope slides) and the plane of the particle outline. In this method, the blurring of large particles can cause an increase in the projected area and length of the particle. The effect on the particle perimeter is unpredictable because it depends on the amount of detail lost through blurring and its effect on the apparent increase in particle size. Because of blurring, D and D₁ tend to be systematically lower for the settling method, whereas the net effect on D₂ is unpredictable. Particle size distributions derived from settling are typically coarser because small, low density particles may remain in the water column and all particles may not deposit on the slides. This loss of fines results in systematically lower D_K values for the settling method compared with the filtration method. Fractal dimensions and particle size distributions obtained with the filtration method were sensitive to and clearly indicated differences between drainage basins and between sites within each basin. These differences were explained by basin characteristics and conditions. Fractal dimensions and particle size distributions obtained with the settling method were less sensitive to drainage basin characteristics and conditions, which limits their usefulness as process indicators. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

富营养化湖泊水体中藻蓝蛋白提取方法的对比   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

庞晓宇  段洪涛  张玉超  马荣华 《湖泊科学》2014,26(5):799-806

藻蓝蛋白是蓝藻的指示型色素,目前还没有标准的提取方法,特别是萃取剂的选择品种较多,对测量结果影响较大.分别以室内培养的铜绿微囊藻和巢湖夏季野生蓝藻为提取对象,运用液氮反复冻融法破碎蓝藻细胞,分别以Asolctin-CHAPS缓冲液(AC)、磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)和Tris-HCl缓冲液来提取藻蓝蛋白,通过分光光度法分析提取液的吸收光谱、藻蓝蛋白浓度以及藻蓝蛋白浓度与叶绿素a浓度的相关性,比较3种缓冲液的提取效果.结果显示:3种缓冲液提取的藻蓝蛋白提取液在620 nm处都出现了藻蓝蛋白的特征吸收峰,但AC缓冲液和PBS缓冲液提取效率明显高于Tris-HCl缓冲液.另外,虽然AC缓冲液提取效率最高,但其成本昂贵、配制过程复杂且不易控制、难保存,不适宜大规模地推广应用;而PBS缓冲液的提取效率略低于AC缓冲液,但其配制方便快捷,更适合于大规模湖泊水质监测的要求,因此推荐PBS缓冲液作为常用的藻蓝蛋白提取液.  相似文献   

耗能型防落梁装置铝蜂窝缓冲器轴向吸能特性研究          下载免费PDF全文

邢心魁  林揽日  覃荷瑛 《世界地震工程》2020,(3):057-68

耗能型防落梁装置是由普通拉索式防落梁装置改进而来的,其主要吸能部件为吸能控制管,由扩径管和铝蜂窝缓冲器组成。为了给铝蜂窝缓冲器的设计与优化提供可靠的理论依据,建立了铝蜂窝轴向压缩简化模型,对其轴向压缩应力进行了分析、推导并采用有限元模拟和借鉴相关文献试验数据进行了验证,同时分析了加载速率对铝蜂窝材料吸能特性的影响。此外分析了铝蜂窝芯铝箔厚度和蜂窝边长对其吸能特性的影响,并通过桥梁工程实例来分析和评价铝蜂窝缓冲器在吸能控制管中的吸能作用。研究结果表明:铝蜂窝轴向压缩简化模型精度较高,理论计算值相对于有限元计算值的偏差平均值为4.53%,相对于文献试验值的偏差平均值为6.47%;随着加载速率的提高,铝蜂窝材料的单位体积吸能值、初始峰值应力和屈服平均应力均有所提高;在铝蜂窝芯铝箔厚度或蜂窝边长一定的情况下,两者之比β值越大,铝蜂窝缓冲器吸能性能越好;配置了铝蜂窝缓冲器的吸能控制管,其总吸能值平均增大率为18.56%,最大增大率为29.51%,吸能性能提升最大可达近30%,在消耗地震能量方面将发挥显著的作用。  相似文献   

高放处置罐铁释放诱发膨润土矿物相变研究进展          下载免费PDF全文

张明  谢敬礼 《岩石矿物学杂志》2021,40(4):778-785

作为高放废物处置罐候选金属材料,低碳钢在处置库服役期间,其腐蚀产物侵入缓冲屏障,导致缓冲材料矿物相变与性能变异,威胁多重屏障体系的长期安全稳定。本文详细综述了国内外处置库深部还原环境所处的弱碱性化学场与中低温度场的变化趋势,认为处置库深部化学-温度还原条件可导致处置罐Fe腐蚀释放Fe~(2+)。在处置库长期运行过程中,蒙脱石与Fe~(2+)接触发生矿物相变,一方面Fe~(2+)置换蒙脱石八面体晶格中的Al~(3+)和Mg~(2+),还原Fe~(3+)或直接占据空位,生成次生矿物;另一方面Fe~(2+)交换蒙脱石层间的Na~+、K~+和Ca~(2+),转化为铁基蒙脱石。矿物相变可诱发缓冲屏障性能变异甚至退化。基于"抗矿物转化"理念,提出了下一阶段缓冲材料矿物相变研究方向,为地下实验室碳素钢选型、缓冲屏障验证试验设计以及屏障体系安全评价提供科学依据。  相似文献   

Modelling sediment trapping in vegetative filter strips on steep slopes     

Songbai Wu  Ting Fong May Chui  Li Chen  Chun Hon Christopher Chow 《水文研究》2023,37(1):e14793

The slope effects on sediment trapping process in vegetative filter strips (VFS) are usually neglected in current modelling practices for VFS operation, which hamper the VFS design and performance evaluation, especially on steep slopes. To fill the knowledge gap, 12 laboratory experiments of sediment trapping in VFS were conducted with three different inflow discharge (80, 100, and 120 ml s⁻¹) and four slope angles (5,10, 15, and 20°). The experimental results show that, on steep slopes (10, 15, and 20°), a part of trapped sediment particles in VFS can be eroded again and then dragged to the downstream as bed load, whilst they do not move on gentle slope (5°). To describe the complex processes, a simple and effective modelling framework was developed for sloped VFS by coupling the slope infiltration, runoff, and modified sediment transport model. The model was tested against the experimental results and good agreements between the modelled and observed results were found in both runoff and sediment transport processes for all cases. On steep slopes, the sediment trapping performance of VFS decreases significantly because the erosion of deposited sediment particles can account for more than 60% of the sediment load in the outflow. The slope effect on sediment trapping efficiency of VFS varies greatly with soil, VFS, and slope properties. The model was compared with previous sediment transport equation and found that both methods can satisfactorily predict the sediment trapping of VFS on gentle slopes, but previous sediment transport equation is likely to overestimate the sediment trapping efficiency in VFS on steep slopes. This model is expected to provide a more realistic and accurate method for predicting runoff and sediment reduction in VFS on sloping surfaces.  相似文献