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31.
The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of rigid second phases on grain growth of a matrix phase. For this purpose,
variable mixtures of norcamphor as the matrix phase, with glass beads (0.08–0.51 volume fraction) as second phase, were used
to perform see-through rock-analogue experiments under static conditions at constant temperatures (50°C). Irrespective of
the second-phase content, grain-size evolution of all mixtures can be subdivided into a stage of continuous grain growth,
a transient stage and a stage of a finally stabilized grain size. On the grain-scale, the second phases affect the migrating
grain boundaries either by pinning by single particles, by multiple particles or even by particle clusters. Summed up over
the entire aggregate, these pinning regimes affect the average bulk grain size of the matrix grains, such that the changes
in matrix grain size directly correlate with the amount of second phases, their dispersion and their degree of clustering.
In this way, the matrix grain size decreases with increasing second-phase content, which can be expressed as a Zener relationship.
Originating from the modification of an ordinary grain growth law, a new mathematical expression is defined, which allows
the calculation of changes in the matrix grain size as a function of different second-phase volume fractions and particle
sizes. Such models will be helpful in the future to predict microstructural changes in polymineralic rocks at depth. 相似文献
32.
Identifying uncertainties in Arctic climate change projections 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
Daniel L. R. Hodson Sarah P. E. Keeley Alex West Jeff Ridley Ed Hawkins Helene T. Hewitt 《Climate Dynamics》2013,40(11-12):2849-2865
Wide ranging climate changes are expected in the Arctic by the end of the 21st century, but projections of the size of these changes vary widely across current global climate models. This variation represents a large source of uncertainty in our understanding of the evolution of Arctic climate. Here we systematically quantify and assess the model uncertainty in Arctic climate changes in two CO2 doubling experiments: a multimodel ensemble (CMIP3) and an ensemble constructed using a single model (HadCM3) with multiple parameter perturbations (THC-QUMP). These two ensembles allow us to assess the contribution that both structural and parameter variations across models make to the total uncertainty and to begin to attribute sources of uncertainty in projected changes. We find that parameter uncertainty is an major source of uncertainty in certain aspects of Arctic climate. But also that uncertainties in the mean climate state in the 20th century, most notably in the northward Atlantic ocean heat transport and Arctic sea ice volume, are a significant source of uncertainty for projections of future Arctic change. We suggest that better observational constraints on these quantities will lead to significant improvements in the precision of projections of future Arctic climate change. 相似文献
33.
Simulations of the Arctic sea ice cover over the last 32 years generated by the HadGEM1 coupled climate model are able to capture the observed long term decline in mean September ice extent. HadGEM1 is also capable of producing an episode of low September ice extent of similar magnitude to the anomalously low extent observed in 2007. Using a heat budget analysis, together with diagnostics partitioning the changes in ice and snow mass into thermodynamic and dynamic components, we analyse the factors driving the long term decline in the ice mass and extent as well as those causing the modelled low ice event. The long term decline in the mass of ice and snow in HadGEM1 is largely due to extra melting during the summer, partly at the top surface of the ice, and partly via extra heating from the ocean as it warms due to the ice retreat. The episode of low summer ice extent is largely driven by the synoptic conditions over the summer moving the ice across and out of the Arctic basin, and also due to pre-conditioning of the snow and ice which is thinner than usual in the Eastern Arctic at the start of the melt season. This case study demonstrates that although HadGEM1 does not capture the persistent dipole pressure anomaly observed during the summer of 2007, it represents broadly similar mechanisms of generating a low ice extent. 相似文献
34.
Berit Helene Vandsemb 《The Professional geographer》1995,47(4):411-425
Studies of migration in geography have most often been based on quantitative research approaches. Such studies cannot adequately shed light on the contextuality of migration and the individual decision-making processes involved. Personal narratives express individual experiences within a social context. The story of “Amma,” a female rural migrant in Sri Lanka, shows the role of women in migration, the importance of family ties, the contextual causes of migration, and characteristics of the migration flow per se. Personal narratives have an underutilized potential of capturing the variety of migrants' experiences and the complexity of the decision to migrate. 相似文献
35.
黑碳气溶胶沉降到雪冰表面后，使雪冰反照率降低从而导致气候增暖的效应日益引起人们的关注。首先提出了雪冰黑碳的气候效应问题，然后介绍了国际上相关研究的进展，并提出加强此项研究对提高中国区域气候认识的意义。 相似文献
36.
37.
Cloud profiling from active lidar and radar in the A-train satellite constellation has significantly advanced our understanding of clouds and their role in the climate system. Nevertheless, the response of clouds to a warming climate remains one of the largest uncertainties in predicting climate change and for the development of adaptions to change. Both observation of long-term changes and observational constraints on the processes responsible for those changes are necessary. We review recent progress in our understanding of the cloud feedback problem. Capabilities and advantages of active sensors for observing clouds are discussed, along with the importance of active sensors for deriving constraints on cloud feedbacks as an essential component of a global climate observing system. 相似文献
38.
Digital technologies, including participatory Internet mapping, social media and smartphones, provide new avenues for research in outdoor recreation and tourism. The potential to reach a greater audience and collect visitation data on a broader scale, with less costs than traditional paper surveys, are key advantages that have increased the use of these novel technologies. Using of mobile apps for data collection is still at the experimental stage. We evaluate previous attempts to use apps for monitoring recreation and tourism in protected areas, as an alternative to other in situ or online methods. We present a pilot study implemented in Jotunheimen National Park (Norway), where we developed a mobile app for visitor monitoring and real-time mapping of values and experiences. We present the lessons learned, give suggestions on how and for what apps can be used, and discuss the advantages and limitations of using smartphones for visitor monitoring in protected areas. 相似文献
39.
Thibaut Caley Bruno Malaizé Franck Bassinot Steven C. Clemens Nicolas Caillon Rossignol Linda Karine Charlier Helene Rebaubier 《Quaternary Research》2011,76(2):285-293
Previous studies have suggested that Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 13, recognized as atypical in many paleoclimate records, is marked by the development of anomalously strong summer monsoons in the northern tropical areas. To test this hypothesis, we performed a multi-proxy study on three marine records from the tropical Indian Ocean in order to reconstruct and analyse changes in the summer Indian monsoon winds and precipitations during MIS 13. Our data confirm the existence of a low-salinity event during MIS 13 in the equatorial Indian Ocean but we argue that this event should not be considered as “atypical”. Taking only into account a smaller precession does not make it possible to explain such precipitation episode. However, when considering also the larger obliquity in a more complete orbitally driven monsoon “model,” one can successfully explain this event. In addition, our data suggest that intense summer monsoon winds, although not atypical in strength, prevailed during MIS 13 in the western Arabian Sea. These strong monsoon winds, transporting important moisture, together with the effect of insolation and Eurasian ice sheet, are likely one of the factors responsible for the intense monsoon precipitation signal recorded in China loess, as suggested by model simulations. 相似文献
40.
Abu El-Enen Mahrous M. Lorenz Joachim Ali Kamal A. von Seckendorff Volker Okrusch Martin Schüssler Ulrich Brätz Helene Schmitt Ralf-Thomas 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2018,107(7):2393-2408
International Journal of Earth Sciences - Imperial Porphyry, a famous dimension stone of spectacular purple color, was quarried in the Mons Porphyrites area north of Jabal Dokhan in the Eastern... 相似文献