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31.
In west-central Nevada, the Oligocene Candelaria pyroclastic sequence reaches a local thickness of up to 1.3 km, in what has
been referred to as the Candelaria trough, but more generally the accumulation of ash-flow tuffs and related volcanic rocks
is less than 300 m thick. Complete to near complete outcrops are scattered over about 3200 km2 in the Candelaria Hills and surrounding ranges of the Southern Walker Lane structural zone. Three regionally extensive compound
cooling units within the overall sequence (25.8 Ma Metallic City, 24.1 Ma Belleville, and 23.7 Ma Candelaria Junction Tuffs)
have distinguishing characteristics and are the focus of study. At 106 sites, anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS)
data provide an estimate of transport direction of each tuff. Inferred transport directions based on the AMS data are corrected
for a modest clockwise, yet variable magnitude, vertical axis rotation that affected these rocks in late Miocene to Pliocene
time, as revealed by paleomagnetic studies. The AMS data show a somewhat orderly pattern of magnetic fabrics that we interpret
to define unique transport directions for the Metallic City and Candelaria Junction Tuffs. The low susceptibility and degree
of anisotropy of the Belleville Tuff limits our interpretation from this pyroclastic deposit. The Metallic City and Candelaria
Junction Tuffs typically show gentle, south–southeast and southeast dipping magnetic fabric imbrication, respectively, and
very gently plunging magnetic lineations. These AMS fabric elements indicate the tuffs were transported to the north–northwest
and northwest, respectively. The AMS fabric data from the Metallic City and Candelaria Junction Tuffs suggest relatively unrestricted
flow during emplacement. Evidence across the 3,200 km2 area to support more regionally controlled channelized flow into and/or flow along the east northeast–west southwest axis
of the Candelaria trough is lacking. The ignimbrites clearly filled a topographic depression inferred to have formed concurrent
with early, localized Basin and Range extension during pyroclastic emplacement, but based on the uniformity of AMS fabric
data, we infer that the depression quickly filled and did not hinder flow across the region. Unrecognized eruptive centers
for the three ignimbrites may lie buried beneath Neogene basin fill sediments south–southeast of the Candelaria Hills or concealed
below younger deposits farther southeast into the Palmetto Mountains.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Revised and prepared for publication in the Bulletin of Volcanology. 相似文献
32.
New Sr and Nd isotope data for whole rocks, glasses and minerals are combined to reconstruct the nature and origin of mixing
end-members of the 200 km3 trachytic to phonolitic Campanian Ignimbrite (Campi Flegrei, Italy) magmatic system. The least-evolved magmatic end-member
shows equilibrium between host glass and the majority of the phenocrysts and is less radiogenic in Sr and Nd than the most-evolved
magma. On the contrary, only the Fe-rich pyroxene from the most-evolved erupted magma is in equilibrium with the matrix glass,
while all other minerals are in isotopic disequilibrium. These magmas mixed prior to and during the Campanian Ignimbrite eruption
and minerals were freely exchanged between the magma batches. Combining the results of the geochemical investigations on magma
end-members with geophysical and geological data, we develop the following scenario. In stage 1, a parental, less differentiated
magma rose into the middle crust, and evolved through combined crustal assimilation and crystal fractionation. In stage 2,
the differentiated magma rose to shallower depth, fed the pre-Campanian Ignimbrite activity and evolved by further open-system
processes into the most-evolved and most-radiogenic Campanian Ignimbrite end-member magma. In stage 3, new trachytic magma,
isotopically distinct from the pre-Campanian Ignimbrite magmas, rose from ca. 6 km to shallower depth, recharged the most-evolved
pre-Campanian Ignimbrite magma chamber, and formed the large and stratified Campanian Ignimbrite magmatic system. During the
course of the Campanian Ignimbrite eruption, the two layers were tapped separately and/or simultaneously, and gave rise to
the range of chemical and isotopic values displayed by the Campanian Ignimbrite pumices, glasses and minerals. 相似文献
33.
Biagio Giaccio Roberto Isaia Francesco G. Fedele Emanuele Di Canzio John Hoffecker Annamaria Ronchitelli Andrey A. Sinitsyn Mikhail Anikovich Sergey N. Lisitsyn Vasil V. Popov 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2008
Tephra layers from archaeological sites in southern Italy and eastern Europe stratigraphically associated with cultural levels containing Early Upper Palaeolithic industry were analysed. The results confirm the occurrence of the Campanian Ignimbrite tephra (CI; ca. 40 cal ka BP) at Castelcivita Cave (southern Italy), Temnata Cave (Bulgaria) and in the Kostenki–Borshchevo area of the Russian Plain. This tephra, originated from the largest eruption of the Phlegrean Field caldera, represents the widest volcanic deposit and one of the most important temporal/stratigraphic markers of western Eurasia. At Paglicci Cave and lesser sites in the Apulia region we recognise a chemically and texturally different tephra, which lithologically, chronologically and chemically matches the physical and chemical characteristics of the Plinian eruption of Codola; a poorly known Late Pleistocene explosive event from the Neapolitan volcanoes, likely Somma–Vesuvius. For this latter, we propose a preliminary age estimate of ca. 33 cal ka BP and a correlation to the widespread C-10 marine tephra of the central Mediterranean. The stratigraphic position of both CI and Codola tephra layers at Castelcivita and Paglicci help date the first and the last documented appearance of Early Upper Palaeolithic industries of southern Italy to ca. 41–40 and 33 cal ka BP, respectively, or between two interstadial oscillations of the Monticchio pollen record – to which the CI and Codola tephras are physically correlated – corresponding to the Greenland interstadials 10–9 and 5. In eastern Europe, the stratigraphic and chronometric data seem to indicate an earlier appearance of the Early Upper Palaeolithic industries, which would predate of two millennia at least the overlying CI tephra. The tephrostratigraphic correlation indicates that in both regions the innovations connected with the so-called Early Upper Palaeolithic – encompassing subsistence strategy and stone tool technology – appeared and evolved during one of the most unstable climatic phases of the Last Glacial period. On this basis, the marked environmental unpredictability characterising this time-span is seen as a potential ecological factor involved in the cultural changes observed. 相似文献
34.
Perrine Paquereau-Lebti Michel Fornari Pierrick Roperch Jean-Claude Thouret Orlando Macedo 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2008,70(8):977-997
40Ar/39Ar ages and paleomagnetic correlations using characteristic remanent magnetizations (ChRM) show that two main ignimbrite sheets
were deposited at 4.86 ± 0.07 Ma (La Joya Ignimbrite: LJI) and at 1.63 ± 0.07 Ma (Arequipa Airport Ignimbrite: AAI) in the
Arequipa area, southern Peru. The AAI is a 20–100 m-thick ignimbrite that fills in the Arequipa depression to the west of
the city of Arequipa. The AAI is made up of two cooling units: an underlying white unit and an overlying weakly consolidated
pink unit. Radiometric data provide the same age for the two units. As both units record exactly the same well-defined paleomagnetic
direction (16 sites in the white unit of AAI: Dec = 173.7; Inc = 31.2; α95 = 0.7; k = 2749; and 10 sites in the pink unit of AAI; Dec = 173.6; Inc = 30.3; α95 = 1.2; k = 1634), showing no evidence of secular variation, the time gap between emplacement of the two units is unlikely to exceed
a few years. The >50 m thick well-consolidated white underlying unit of the Arequipa airport ignimbrite provides a very specific
magnetic zonation with low magnetic susceptibilities, high coercivities and unblocking temperatures of NRM above 580°C indicating
a Ti-poor titanohematite signature. The Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility (AMS) is strongly enhanced in this layer with
anisotropy values up to 1.25. The fabric delineated by AMS was not recognized neither in the field nor in thin sections, because
most of the AAI consists in a massive and isotrope deposit with no visible textural fabric. Pumices deformation due to welding
is only observed at the base of the thickest sections. AMS within the AAI ignimbrite show a very well defined pattern of apparent
imbrications correlated to the paleotopography, with planes of foliation and lineation dipping often at more than 20° toward
the expected vent, buried beneath the Nevado Chachani volcanic complex. In contrast with the relatively small extent of the
thick AAI, the La Joya ignimbrite covers large areas from the Altipano down the Piedmont. Ti-poor titanomagnetites are the
dominant magnetic carriers and AMS values are generally lower than 1.05. Magnetic foliations are sub horizontal and lineations
directions are scattered in the LJI. The AMS fabrics are probably controlled by post-depositional compaction and welding of
the deposit rather than transport dynamics.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
35.
The presence of an independently dated marker in an archaeological site offers rare opportunities for assessing the reliability of radiocarbon dates, especially when these are close to the age limit of the technique. Two different pretreatment protocols (routine ABA and more rigorous ABOx-SC) were employed in the chemical preparation of the same charcoal sample from a layer closely associated to the Campanian Ignimbrite tephra at the Russian Palaeolithic site of Kostenki 14 (Markina Gora). The ABA-treated fraction gave an age of ∼33 14C ka BP, comparable to a previous determination from the same layer, whereas the ABOx-SC produced an older age of ∼35 14C ka BP. This is the first radiocarbon determination of an archaeological sample to provide an age consistent with the “calendar” age for the CI tephra marker. 相似文献
36.
Clearly defined distal tephras are rare in rockshelter sediment records. Crvena Stijena, a Palaeolithic site in Montenegro, contains one of the longest (> 20 m) rockshelter sediment records in Europe with deposits ranging in age from Middle Pleistocene to mid-Holocene. A distinctive tephra is clearly exposed within the well stratified record approximately 6.5 m below the present land surface. We present geochemical data to confirm that this tephra is a distal equivalent of the Campanian Ignimbrite deposits and a product of the largest Late Pleistocene eruption in Europe. Originating in the Campanian volcanic province of southwest Italy, this tephra has been independently dated to 39.3 ka. It is a highly significant chronostratigraphic marker for southern Europe. Macrostratigraphic and microstratigraphic observations, allied with detailed particle size data, show that the tephra layer is in a primary depositional context and was transported into the rockshelter by aeolian processes. This site is unique because the tephra forms an abrupt boundary between the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic records. Before they can be used as chronostratigraphic markers in rockshelter and cave-mouth environments, it is essential to establish the stratigraphic integrity of distal tephras and the mechanisms and pathways involved in their transport and deposition. 相似文献
37.
中国北天山晚石炭世白杨沟火山岩的成因及地质意义 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
中国北天山作为中亚造山带西部重要的组成部分,其晚古生代的构造背景长期存在板内裂谷环境和岛弧环境两个截然不同的认识,有些学者还提出该地区有塔里木地幔柱的影响,从石炭纪到二叠纪均发育大量的双峰式火山岩。为了厘定其石炭-二叠纪模糊不清的构造属性以及火山岩的地质特征,本文对北天山博格达隆起带白杨沟地区火山岩进行了系统的研究。这套火山岩由枕状玄武岩、块状玄武岩、安山-英安质熔结凝灰岩、流纹岩和火山角砾岩组成。安山-英安质熔结凝灰岩和流纹岩属于Ⅰ型酸性岩,与枕状玄武岩及块状玄武岩整合接触。海相棘皮类化石的发现以及锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄(~311Ma)的测定指示这套白杨沟火山岩应属于晚石炭世祁家沟组。同时,安山-英安质熔结凝灰岩的发现表明白杨沟火山岩剖面并非双峰式火山岩,但与双峰式岩浆(玄武质和流纹质岩浆)有密切的成因关系。MELTS模拟计算指示白杨沟流纹岩和熔结凝灰岩不是与其共生的玄武岩高度结晶分异的产物。与含水玄武质岩石的部分熔融实验对比,正的ε_(Nd)(t)值(+5.9~+7.5)以及岛弧特征的微量元素性质则表明白杨沟流纹岩和熔结凝灰岩主要由含水的新生岛弧玄武质地壳(岩石)发生部分熔融形成。流纹岩很可能代表新生地壳部分熔融的直接产物。然而熔结凝灰岩中发育玄武质和长英质两类浆屑,大量斜长石晶屑的发育以及负Eu至正Eu异常(δEu=0.8~1.1)暗示安山-英安质熔结凝灰岩还受岩浆混合作用和长石堆晶作用的影响。结合博格达晚石炭世玄武岩的研究,本文认为博格达晚石炭世应为洋内岛弧后弧或弧后环境,与北天山洋(或称为准噶尔洋)向南俯冲有关。博格达隆起带石炭-二叠纪构造属性的转变很可能与东准噶尔弧和博格达弧在石炭-二叠纪界限时期发生的弧-弧碰撞作用有关。 相似文献
38.
A new approximation in determination of zonation boundaries of ignimbrite by ground penetrating radar: Kayseri,Central Anatolia,Turkey 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Ground penetrating radar (GPR) method is used as a tool to identify the zonation boundaries in ignimbrite series through their
columnar section. Ignimbrites can be classified in terms of welding degree, colour, texture and mineralogical compositions.
The research area comprises a part of İncesu (Kayseri) ignimbrite at Central Anatolia, Turkey. This ignimbrite is divided
into three levels and each level has clear differences in terms of macroscopic and microscopic views. This paper presents
the results of an application of GPR for the determination of zonation boundary within the ignimbrite flow unit in the view
of their textural and petrological features. RAMAC CU II equipment was used with 250 MHz shielded antenna on parallel ten
profiles to observe the physical difference among the ignimbrite levels of the study area. Two levels out of three have been
defined at the İncesu ignimbrite and supported by field geology and petrographical studies. The first level, which is extremely
fractured structure, is about 1.5 m thick and matches with middle level of the İncesu ignimbrite. The second level has an
average 50–75 cm thickness and matches with lower level of the ignimbrite. In this manner, vertical lithological variations
should be taken into consideration during petrological investigation of the ignimbrites. 相似文献
39.
We describe the stratigraphy, chronology, and grain size characteristics of the white trachytic tuff (WTT) of Roccamonfina Volcano (Italy). The pyroclastic rock was emplaced between 317 and 230 Ma BP during seven major eruptive events (units A to G) and three minor events (units BC, CD, and DE). These units are separated by paleosol layers and compositionally well-differentiated pyroclastic successions. Stratigraphic control is favored by the occurrence at the base of major units of marker layers. Four WTT units (1 to 4) occur within the central caldera. These are not positively correlated with specific extracaldera units.The source of most of the WTT units was the central caldera. Units B and C were controlled by the western wall of the caldera, whereas units D and E were able to overcome this barrier, spreading symmetrically along the flanks of MC. The maximum pumice size (MP) of units increases with distance from the caldera, whereas the maximum lithic size (ML) decreases. MP and ML of the marker layer of unit D (MKDa–MKDp) do not show any systematic variations with respect to the central caldera. In contrast, the thickness of surge MKDa decreases with distance from the source, and MKDp accumulates to the north of MC probably controlled, respectively, by mobility-transport power and by wind blowing northwards.The grain size characteristics of the WTT deposits are used for classifying the units. There is no systematic variation of the grain size as a function of stratigraphic height either among units or within single units. Large variation of components in subunit E1, with repetitive alternation of pyroclastic flow to surge through fallout vs. surge deposits, suggests that the process of eruption took place in a complex or piecemeal fashion.Pumice concentration zones (PCZ) occur at all WTT levels on the volcano, but they are much thicker and pumice clasts are much larger within the central caldera. These were probably originated by the disruption of lava (flow or dome) to pumice fragments and fine ash due to sudden depressurization and interaction with lake waters of the molten lava. Local basal PCZ are, in some cases, similar to the lapilli-rich “layer 1P” that has been described elsewhere, and may have been deposited from currents transitional between pyroclastic surge and flow. Other basal PCZ formed in response to small undulations in the substrate, or can be originated by fallout. Lenticular PCZ within ignimbrite interiors and tops are interpreted to record marginal pumice levees and pumice rafts, some of which were buried by subsequant pyroclastic flows.Lithic concentration zones (LCZ) also occur at various stratigraphic height within the extracaldera ignimbrites, whereas intracaldera LCZ are absent, probably due to the fact that ignimbrite currents are strongly energetic and erosive near vent. LCZ at the top of basal inversely graded layers are formed by mechanical sieving or dispersive pressure in response to variable velocity gradients and particle concentration gradients (a segregation process). Coarse LCZ and coarse lithic breccias (LB), that reside in the interior or tops of pyroclastic flows and that occur in medial to distal areas, are interpreted to be the result of slugs of lithic-rich debris introduced by vent collapse or rockslides into the moving pyroclastic flows along their flow paths. These LCZ become mixed to varying degrees due to differential densities and velocities relative to the pyroclastic flows (desegregation processes). 相似文献
40.