2015年11月沈阳地区一次PM2.5重污染过程综合分析     

杨磊  陈传雷  曹世腾  孙丽  崔曜鹏  蒋超  黄海亮  陈宇  杨雪 《气象与环境学报》2019,35(3):37-44

利用多源观测资料综合分析了2015年11月沈阳地区一次PM2.5 重污染天气的气象条件、垂直风场演变、大气边界层特征以及污染物的来源。结果表明:本次重污染过程中,沈阳市区PM2.5浓度长达81h超过250μg · m^-3 ,其中峰值浓度达到1287μg · m^-3 ,重污染期间PM2.5 /PM10 的比例最高为90%。受地面倒槽和黄淮气旋影响,近地面层持续存在的逆温层、高相对湿度和弱偏北风为颗粒物吸湿增长和长时间聚集提供有利的天气条件。风廓线雷达风场资料显示在重污染期间,近地面层存在弱风速区、凌乱风场和弱下沉气流。利用风廓线雷达资料计算了边界层通风量(Ventilation Index,VI)和局地环流指数(Recirculation,R),边界层通风量VI和PM2.5 存在明显的负相关,非污染日VI是重污染日的2倍,局地环流指数R在重污染天气前大于0.9,而在污染期间部分空间R小于0.8。通过后向轨迹模式和火点监测资料分析发现,沈阳上空300m高度气团来自于生物质燃烧区域,而且沈阳地区NO2和CO浓度的变化与PM2.5一致,说明本次重污染过程也可能和生物质燃烧有关。  相似文献   

中国中部典型高山气象站风速的均一性检验及其变化特点     

彭嘉栋  叶成志  张剑明  陈德桥 《气象与环境学报》2019,35(4):139-144

采用二相回归方法并结合台站历史沿革信息,在对中国中部典型高山站南岳和庐山1960-2017年平均风速资料进行均一性检验和订正的基础上,分析其变化特征及其与周边低海拔台站的差异,并利用NCEP/NCAR再分析风速资料对其差异进行验证。结果表明：南岳站平均风速序列存在一个由测风仪器变更而导致的非均一点,而庐山站不存在非均一点;南岳和庐山年及四季平均风速均显著高于周边台站,且高山站以春季和夏季风速最大,而低海拔台站各季节风速差异较小;近58 a高山站及周边低海拔台站的年及四季平均风速均呈显著的减小趋势,但高山站的减小速率显著高于低海拔台站;同区域NCEP/NCAR的1000 hPa和850 hPa平均风速变化的差异与高山站和低海拔台站的差异基本一致,说明中低空和地面风速的这种差异在中国中部地区具有一定的普遍性。  相似文献   

冷空气强风在大型城市中的精细结构和形成机制     

向杰勋  陈桂兴  姜平  吴乃庚  温之平 《大气科学》2019,43(3):577-597

地面强风可直接造成人员伤亡和经济损失,严重影响出行安全、工农业生产等社会秩序。强风的发生与天气系统和复杂下垫面的共同作用密切相关,在城市区域尤为明显。受数值模拟技术和计算资源的限制,对实际天气条件下大范围城区的强风现象进行建筑物分辨率的大规模数值模拟研究仍是一个挑战。本研究利用中尺度气象模式嵌套流体计算动力模式的超高分辨率局地气象预报系统,对强冷空气过程造成广州市区的一次强风事件进行数值模拟,深入探讨强风的精细结构和形成机制。结果表明,伴随着强冷空气入侵,广州市区的平均风速和风场高频扰动均明显增强,且在城市冠层顶尤为明显,呈现区域不均匀的三维结构,数值模拟与地面观测相一致。较大范围的强风速和阵风主要出现在建筑物较为低矮的老城区上空,并持续影响下游河道等开阔区域。在高层建筑密集的新城区,虽然整体风速明显减弱,但能在平行风向的街道狭管和下游区域形成局地强风。特别是,超高层建筑群引起显著的垂直环流,导致强风扰动向下传播,造成最大风速达8 m s?1的地面局地强风,阵风指数接近2。上游建筑群引起的风场扰动呈现大尺度湍流结构,能沿着平均气流传播影响数公里之远的下游地区。当风场扰动经过广州塔等单体超高层建筑时,可在其两侧绕流区再次加强,形成局地强风。局地强风和阵风还出现在垂直于风向排列的沿江高层建筑群的侧边,与建筑屏风的阻挡效应和缺口溢出有关。研究结果促进认识城市强风的时空特征和物理机制,有助于提升城市气象的精细化预报水平。  相似文献   

西北太平洋热带气旋变性过程中的风及降水分布变化特征分析     

王佳琪  李英 《大气科学》2019,43(6):1329-1343

利用中国气象局上海台风研究所（CMA/STI）整编的热带气旋最佳路径资料、美国飓风联合警报中心（JTWC）最佳路径资料、美国国家海洋与大气管理局（NOAA）的全球多平台热带气旋风场资料（MTCSWA）和CMORPH降水资料、日本卫星云顶黑体辐射温度（T_BB）资料等,分析1987～2016年30年间西北太平洋228个变性热带气旋（ETTC）的活动规律、风与降水分布及其演变特征。结果表明:（1）ETTC年均7.6个,除1～2月,各月均有分布,峰值在9月。约90.4%的ETTC变性位置在30°N以北,仅约9.6%在30°N以南较低纬度,且多发生于春夏和秋冬交替季节。（2）TC（热带气旋）变性通常发生在其转向后,半数以上移速加快,大多数中心气压升高或维持,仅10.5%降低。（3）变性过程中ETTC近中心最大风速减小,最大风速半径增大,内核趋于松散。其34节风圈半径北侧明显大于南侧,风场结构非对称性增强。（4）ETTC强风和强降水呈显著非对称性分布,其强风区主要出现在ETTC中心东侧,即路径右后方;强降水区主要出现在北侧,且变性后在东北象限向外扩张。（5）较强的环境水平风垂直切变（VWS）是影响ETTC风及降水分布的重要因子。强降水主要出现在顺风切方向及其左侧,强风（去除TC移速时）出现在切变左侧。  相似文献   

延庆-张家口地区复杂地形冬季山谷风特征分析   总被引：8，自引：4，他引：4  

贾春晖  窦晶晶  苗世光  王迎春 《气象学报》2019,77(3):475-488

基于2016年12月—2017年2月和2017年12月—2018年2月两年冬季的近地面自动气象站逐时观测数据以及张家口探空数据分析延庆-张家口一带（包括张家口崇礼、赤城、海坨、小五台山区,延怀、怀涿、洋河、蔚县盆地以及北京延庆、昌平、怀柔部分平原地区）复杂地形的风场精细化时、空分布特征,揭示不同复杂地形下局地风场的时、空变化规律,加深对复杂地形动力、热力作用对近地面风场影响的认识,为冬季山区风场预报以及复杂地形数值模式改进提供参考。结果表明:晴朗小风天风持续性作为矢量平均风速和标量平均风速的比值,可以作为研究风场变化规律的重要参数。根据风持续性的日变化特征,可以将研究区域内所有站点分为10种类型,分别代表不同局地地形特征的影响,风持续与风向变化的相关也很强。研究区域主要有3种类型的地形风:斜坡风、峡谷风以及较大尺度的山区平原风。不同地形特征下的风场、风持续性存在明显不同的日变化特征,山风和谷风相互转化的时间也不同,山区最早,盆地次之,平原区最晚;山风时段持续时间较谷风时段长,风速小;晴朗小风天实测风反映了实际风场的特征,而排除环境背景风场,弱化地形动力作用后整个冬季的局地风作为理论山谷风,更能反映热力作用下的山谷风特征。   相似文献   

双雷达风场反演拼图在登陆台风“莫兰蒂”(1614)强降水精细预报中的同化应用试验   总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2  

王叶红  赵玉春  罗昌荣  韩颂雨 《气象学报》2019,77(4):617-644

利用福建龙岩、漳州、泉州新一代多普勒天气雷达和厦门海沧双偏振雷达探测资料,采用动态地球坐标系下双雷达三维风场反演与拼图技术,基于天气研究和预报模式（Weather Research and Forecasting,WRF）及其资料同化系统,对登陆台风“莫兰蒂”（1614）引起的2016年9月14—15日福建强降水过程进行了双雷达风场反演拼图资料检验及其三维变分同化对强降水精细预报影响的数值试验,结果发现:（1）动态地球坐标系下双雷达反演风场能合理反映实际风场分布状况,其误差相对较小。相较厦门翔安风廓线雷达及厦门探空秒级测风数据,反演风风向（风速）平均绝对误差分别为7.8°（2.6 m/s）及3.4°（1.1 m/s）;（2）反演风场水平方向稀疏化对同化及预报结果极为重要,过密的反演风场资料会给同化及预报结果带来负效果。文中采用18、6、2 km 3重嵌套,在3重嵌套区域均进行同化以及仅在2 km区域进行同化两种情况下,均表现为当反演风场资料水平分辨率提高到0.1°时,同化分析及预报的台风环流开始受到负影响;且当反演风场资料水平分辨率越高时,负效果越明显。敏感性试验结果显示,分辨率取0.2°时数值预报效果最好;（3）以美国国家环境预报中心全球预报系统（National Centers for Environmental Prediction/Global Forecast System,NCEP/GFS）0.5°×0.5°分析场为初值,基于3个不同起报时刻（2016年9月14日14时、20时及15日02时）（北京时,下同）模拟的福建省境内台风内核雨带和螺旋雨带逐时演变、台风路径与强度、逐时降水TS评分和空间相关差异显著,其中14日14时起报试验效果最好;而14日20时起报试验效果最差,这与该试验初始台风大风轴风速明显偏大有关;（4）在上述3个不同起报时刻试验基础上,分别增加双雷达反演风场资料的三维变分同化后,福建境内地面风场和台风内核雨带、螺旋雨带逐时分布、逐时降水TS评分和空间相关、台风环流结构以及U、V风垂直廓线分布均有明显改善,最大正影响时效可达24 h;但仅对1—6 h时效内台风路径有改善。   相似文献   

The form of the asymptotic depth-limited wind-wave spectrum: Part III — Directional spreading     

I.R. Young 《Coastal Engineering》2010

The directional spreading of both the wavenumber and frequency spectra of finite-depth wind generated waves at the asymptotic depth limit are examined. The analysis uses the Wavelet Directional Method, removing the need to assume a form for the dispersion relationship. The paper shows that both the wavenumber and frequency forms are narrowest at the spectral peak and broaden at wavenumbers (frequencies) both above and below the peak. The directional spreading of the wavenumber spectrum is bi-modal above the spectral peak. In contrast, the frequency spectrum is uni-modal. This difference is shown to be the result of energy in the wind direction being displaced from the linear dispersion shell. A full parametric relationship for the directional spreading of the wavenumber spectrum is developed. The analysis clearly shows that typical dispersion relationships are questionable at high frequencies and that such effects can be significant. This result supports greater attention being focussed on the routine recording of wavenumber spectra, rather than frequency spectra.  相似文献   

Effect of atmospheric CO₂ and solar activity on wind regime and water column stability in the major global upwelling areas     

B. Patti  C. Guisande  I. Riveiro  P. Thejll  A. Cuttitta  A. Bonanno  G. Basilone  G. Buscaino  S. Mazzola 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2010

It is not clear whether global warming will favour or reduce global ocean phytoplankton productivity in coastal areas. Moreover, the relative contributions made by natural and/or anthropogenic factors to possible changes in phytoplankton productivity are not clear. As the relationship between primary production and alongshore wind forcing is well established for the Eastern Boundary Current (EBC) ecosystems, our aim is to determine whether the changes experienced over the last five decades (1958–2007) in atmospheric CO₂ and solar activity have been able to affect the wind regime and water column stability in the most biologically productive upwelling areas of California, Canary, Humboldt and Benguela. We approached the work by statistically studying the effect of solar activity and atmospheric CO₂ on surface alongshore wind stress and on water column stability. There was an increasing trend in wind stress and water column stability in all the upwelling areas over the period studied (with the single exception of stability in the California EBC system). The analysis of detrended series evidenced significant relationships between atmospheric CO₂ concentration and wind stress and water column stability in the coastal upwelling areas investigated. In addition, wind stress and stability data were found to be consistent, with negative linear relationships between wind stress and CO₂ in most of the sites in the Benguela, Canary and Humboldt regions associated, as expected, to positive relationships when water column stability is used as regressand. The results of the present study suggest that greenhouse gas forcing, independent of its well known general increasing trend, was able to decrease wind stress intensity and increase water column stability for the period 1958 to present in most of the sites of the four Eastern Boundary Ecosystems studied, with the one exception of the California region. Conversely, the impact of solar activity appeared to be quite low compared to the greenhouse gas forcing.  相似文献   

Settling-velocity distributions and sorting processes on a longitudinal dune: A case study     

Daniel Hartmann  Christian Christiansen 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1988,13(7):649-656

The processes acting on a longitudinal dune are inferred from the response in the area size-sorting characteristics of the sediment of the active layer. The sediment size distributions are determined by settling and are best described by a log-hyperbolic model which provides the most information on size-sorting processes. Size-sorting characteristics are markedly different across the low round-crested part of the dune from cross-sections of the high more sharp-crested part. This results in changes in textural parameters along the lee-side consistent with changes in the lee-side separation vortex. This is the first time that the effect of wind speed up on the lee-side is observed to be reflected in the sediment; it can only be detected with the very sensitive log-hyperbolic parameters.  相似文献   

A Holocene record of climate change,fire ecology and human activity from montane Flat Top Bog,Maui     

D. A. Burney  R. V. DeCandido  L. P. Burney  F. N. Kostel-Hughes  T. W. Stafford Jr.  H. F. James 《Journal of Paleolimnology》1995,13(3):209-217

A sediment core from a high-elevation bog on Maui in the Hawaiian Islands contains evidence for drier conditions between 9.4–5.8 kyr BP, followed by a wetter interval between 5.8–2.2 kyr BP, and a variable late Holocene. These precipitation changes may be a reflection of vertical displacements of the upper boundary of the mid-Pacific Trade Wind Inversion (TWI) cloud layer. Fires, probably volcanically ignited, occurred in the forests prior to human arrival. Polynesian activity in this high-elevation, remote site was apparently limited, with no pollen, charcoal, or sedimentological evidence for local anthropogenic disturbance. After European contact, grass fires increased and introduced plant species invaded the site. Values for Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in sediments throughout the Holocene indicate low trace-metal deposition from atmospheric particulates at the site, even in the twentieth century.This paper is one of a series of papers guest edited by Dr. Mark Brenner on tropical paleolimnology  相似文献