The influence of alongshore and cross‐shore wave energy flux on large‐ and small‐scale coastal erosion patterns     

Elsayed M. Galal  Satoshi Takewaka 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2011,36(7):953-966

A strong low‐pressure system traveled along the Japanese main island Honshu in October 2006. High waves and storm surge attacked the Kashima Coast resulting in huge erosion over the area. Airborne laser data measured in October 2005 and November 2006 were analyzed to estimate cross‐sectional changes within the subaerial zone. The results of the alongshore distribution of the changes of cross‐sectional area indicate that the amount of erosion of the 38 km‐long northern and 15 km‐long southern parts decreased toward the south in each part and that the amount of erosion was smaller in protected areas with artificial headlands than in unprotected areas. The local alongshore variation of the erosion and accretion patterns showed wavy fluctuations of several hundreds of meters. The total amounts of the estimated eroded volume of the subaerial zone over the northern and southern parts were 620 000 m³ and 600 000 m³, respectively. The Simulating Waves Nearshore (SWAN) wave model was applied to estimate wave conditions along the coast during the storm. The computational results were verified, and then the alongshore distribution of wave energies, expressed as the alongshore and cross‐shore components of the wave energy flux, was compared with the alongshore distribution of cross‐sectional change. The results show that the distribution of energy flux explains the distribution of erosion well: The alongshore variability in the cross‐shore energy flux is responsible for the large‐scale variability in erosion, and shorter‐scale variability is due to gradients in the alongshore energy fluxes, especially for the areas without coastal works. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Discontinuous Galerkin methods for modeling Hurricane storm surge   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Clint Dawson  Ethan J. KubatkoChristopher Mirabito  Craig MichoskiNishant Panda 《Advances in water resources》2011,34(9):1165-1176

Storm surge due to hurricanes and tropical storms can result in significant loss of life, property damage, and long-term damage to coastal ecosystems and landscapes. Computer modeling of storm surge can be used for two primary purposes: forecasting of surge as storms approach land for emergency planning and evacuation of coastal populations, and hindcasting of storms for determining risk, development of mitigation strategies, coastal restoration and sustainability.Storm surge is modeled using the shallow water equations, coupled with wind forcing and in some events, models of wave energy. In this paper, we will describe a depth-averaged (2D) model of circulation in spherical coordinates. Tides, riverine forcing, atmospheric pressure, bottom friction, the Coriolis effect and wind stress are all important for characterizing the inundation due to surge. The problem is inherently multi-scale, both in space and time. To model these problems accurately requires significant investments in acquiring high-fidelity input (bathymetry, bottom friction characteristics, land cover data, river flow rates, levees, raised roads and railways, etc.), accurate discretization of the computational domain using unstructured finite element meshes, and numerical methods capable of capturing highly advective flows, wetting and drying, and multi-scale features of the solution.The discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method appears to allow for many of the features necessary to accurately capture storm surge physics. The DG method was developed for modeling shocks and advection-dominated flows on unstructured finite element meshes. It easily allows for adaptivity in both mesh (h) and polynomial order (p) for capturing multi-scale spatial events. Mass conservative wetting and drying algorithms can be formulated within the DG method.In this paper, we will describe the application of the DG method to hurricane storm surge. We discuss the general formulation, and new features which have been added to the model to better capture surge in complex coastal environments. These features include modifications to the method to handle spherical coordinates and maintain still flows, improvements in the stability post-processing (i.e. slope-limiting), and the modeling of internal barriers for capturing overtopping of levees and other structures. We will focus on applications of the model to recent events in the Gulf of Mexico, including Hurricane Ike.  相似文献   

热带气旋“碧利斯”与南海季风相互作用的强水汽特征数值研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

叶成志  李昀英 《气象学报》2011,69(3):496-507

强热带风暴碧利斯(0604)登陆后其低压环流较长时间地维持,并与南海季风相互作用,造成湖南省东南部发生历史罕见的特大致洪暴雨。文中应用多种常规、非常规细网格观测资料及NECP再分析资料,结合暴雨中尺度数值预报模式AREM对该暴雨过程的强水汽场特征进行了数值模拟和诊断分析,并设计水汽敏感性试验,进一步揭示造成湘东南特大暴雨的水汽通道和水汽来源。结果表明:碧利斯低压环流南侧的西南气流对湘东南暴雨区起到了主要水汽输送作用,且随着碧利斯逆时针旋转,水汽沿着环流中心东侧的强风速带夹卷到环流北侧,并通过增强的东北风源源不断地输送至湘东南。这南北两支主要水汽通道在湘东南长时间交汇,形成了湘东南暴雨区深厚的湿层和强水汽辐合,对碧利斯低压环流较长时间的维持及对湘东南特大暴雨的形成和发展有重要的作用。  相似文献   

磁层顶日下点距离R_0与磁暴D_（st）指数的相关性     

程国胜  苑顺周  赵蕾 《南京气象学院学报》2011,34(4):504-509

利用2004—2006年ACE、WIND卫星观测的太阳风数据和相应时期反映磁暴大小的Dst指数,针对200个不同级别的磁暴事件,分析了磁层顶日下点距离R0与磁暴Dst指数的线性相关性。分析显示,在极端太阳风条件下,Dst指数时间序列比借助于Chao Model计算出的磁层顶日下点距离R0的时间序列延迟了约3h。经修正时间延迟后,对磁层顶日下点距离R0与磁暴Dst指数的线性相关性进行分析。结果表明：发生超级磁暴时,二者线性相关系数的均值为0.77;大磁暴时,线性相关系数的均值为0.74;中等磁暴时,线性相关系数的均值为0.47。此外,用最小二乘数据拟合得到了不同级别磁暴时的R0-Dst关系图。  相似文献   

强对流风暴中同质冻结增温的直接探空观测     

徐小红  余兴  戴进  刘贵华  朱延年  岳治国 《南京气象学院学报》2011,34(4):416-422

通过两个强对流风暴个例,利用探空资料辅以卫星反演方法,揭示了强对流风暴中同质冻结增温这一事实。探空观测到在强风暴中同质冻结潜热释放造成该层内的空气增温达5℃以上,风暴中强上升气流使云滴没有足够的时间长大,云水向雨水转化和云的晶化会被推到更高的高度,在到达同质冻结高度之前,异质核化过程没有太多的时间消耗大量云水,多数云滴被带到同质冻结高度以上时迅速冻结,造成潜热的集中释放,使周围的空气增温。NOAA卫星观测到的云顶的大量由同质冻结形成的小冰粒子以及过顶现象,进一步证实了同质冻结潜热增温。当探空仪靠近风暴、对流层顶又距同质冻结高度层较近时,同质冻结增温作用有可能被探空仪观测到。  相似文献   

改进的客观分析诊断图形软件   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

郑永光  陈炯  沃伟峰  韩雷  陶祖钰 《气象》2011,37(6):735-741

客观分析诊断图形系统是一款面向气象科研,得到广泛应用的二维气象绘图软件。根据气象科研工作和强对流天气分析研究的新需求,对该软件进行了改进,主要包括增加新数据接口、增加新算法、改进算法、简化操作等。改进的软件增加了静止卫星、新一代天气雷达和二进制格式点加工数据GRIdded Binary 2(GRIB2)等多种数据接口,...  相似文献   

复杂地形下雷暴增强过程的个例研究   总被引：12，自引：2，他引：10  

陈双  王迎春  张文龙  陈明轩 《气象》2011,37(7):802-813

本文基于多普勒雷达变分同化分析系统（VDRAS）反演的对流层低层热力和动力场,并结合多种稠密观测资料,对北京地区2009年7月22日一次弱天气尺度强迫下雷暴在山区和平原增强的机理进行了较深入的分析。研究结果表明：雷暴过程受大尺度天气系统影响不明显,对流前期地面弱冷锋,是此次雷暴新生的触发机制,高层冷平流、低层偏南暖湿气流的稳定维持和对流不稳定能量的聚集是本次雷暴增强的必要条件。雷暴从河北北部移进北京西北山区后,在下山和到达平原地区时,经历了两次明显的发展增强阶段。雷暴第一阶段下山增强,地形强迫起着主要作用,具体表现在三个方面：（1）地形斜坡使得雷暴冷池出流下山加速与稳定维持的偏南气流形成了强的辐合区;（2）地形抬升使得偏南暖湿入流强烈地上升,从而加剧了对流的发展;（3）地形抬高了冷池出流高度,使得出流与近地面偏南气流构成随高度顺转的低层垂直风切变,低层暖空气之上有冷平流叠加,使得雷暴前方的动力和热力不稳定增强。雷暴第二阶段在平原地区再次增强的主要原因是：组织完好的雷暴到达平原地区后,其冷池与低层暖舌在城区（朝阳地区）的对峙,产生了强的扰动温度梯度;强的冷池出流与势力相当的偏南暖湿气流相互作用产生了强的辐合上升气流,并与下沉气流在较长时间内共存;冷池出流形成的负涡度与低层切变产生的正涡度达到近似平衡状态。运用RKW理论,三者导致雷暴前方低层的辐合抬升最强,最有利于雷暴的维持发展。  相似文献   

2008年中国沿岸冬季寒潮激发陆架波的小波分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李君益  郑全安  胡建宇  范振华  朱佳  陈涛  朱本璐  徐莹 《海洋学报(英文版)》2015,34(11):22-31

This study applies the wavelet analysis to the tidal gauge records, alongshore winds, atmospheric temperature and pressure along the China coast in winter 2008. The analysis results show three events of sea level oscillations(SLOs) on the shelf induced by winter storms. The first event occurred from January 9 to 21. The SLO periods were double-peaked at 1.6–5.3 and 7.0–16.0 d with the power densities of 0.04–0.05 and 0.10–0.15 m2·d, respectively.The second event occurred from February 5 to 18. The SLO period was single-peaked at 2.3–3.5 d with power density of 0.03–0.04 m2·d. The third event occurred from February 20 to March 8. The SLO periods were doublepeaked at 1.5–4.3 and 6.1–8.2 d with the power densities of 0.08–0.11 and 0.02–0.08 m2·d, respectively. The SLOs propagated along the coast from Zhejiang in north to Guangdong in south. The phase speeds ranged about 9–29m/s from Kanmen to Pingtan, 5–11 m/s from Xiamen to Huizhou and 11–22 m/s from Huizhou to Shuidong. The dispersion relation of the SLOs shows their nature of coastal-trapped wave.  相似文献   

珠江流域暴雨天气系统与暴雨洪水特征分析   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

姚章民  杜勇  张丽娜 《水文》2015,35(2):85-89

对珠江流域9场历史典型暴雨洪水的致洪天气系统、暴雨中心落区及发生时间进行统计分析,探求珠江流域各水系产生暴雨的天气系统、暴雨类型、洪水成因及发生时间的相互联系,归纳出珠江流域致洪暴雨洪水的一些基本特征规律,对于珠江流域防洪减灾具有一定参考价值。  相似文献   

浙江朱家尖岛东沙海滩对热带风暴“娜基莉”的响应及风暴后的恢复   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

郭俊丽  时连强  童宵岭  郑禹君  徐岱璐 《海洋学报》2018,40(9):137-147

海滩对风暴的响应及风暴后海滩的恢复过程一直以来都是国内外海滩研究的热点。本文通过对浙江舟山市朱家尖岛东沙海滩地形地貌的现场调查，对比分析了热带风暴"娜基莉"影响下东沙海滩剖面的蚀积变化，探讨了海滩在热带风暴发生后的恢复情况。结果表明，在"娜基莉"影响期间，因风暴浪为向岸浪，东沙海滩几乎遭受全线侵蚀，12个剖面单宽侵蚀总量为73.46 m3/m，其中海滩直线段较两个遮蔽段侵蚀显著。由于海滩在风暴前进方向的左侧，且"娜基莉"距东沙较远，使得东沙海滩普遍侵蚀但强度较小。东沙海滩在热带风暴后的恢复过程中，不同部位的地貌调整和冲淤变化不同，下岬角遮蔽段基本趋于稳定，直线段和上岬角遮蔽段在恢复过程中因受海滩季节性调整的影响呈现持续侵蚀。  相似文献