The discard ban policy,economic trends and opportunities for the Portuguese fisheries sector     

《Marine Policy》2017

In this paper the discard ban policy within the Portuguese fisheries sector is discussed and the opportunities and impact in the fisheries economy that arise from sales of unwanted fish under the new landing obligation are evaluated. The decadal mean price of fish (€/kg, adjusted for inflation) rose from the 1940s until the 1970s, dropping thereafter. The yearly averaged economic income estimated for discards sales between 1969 and 2009 ranged from 419345€ to 2164379€. Discard ban sales could contribute from 10% to 53% of the total landed value and 9–34% of the total catches (landings + discards). Under a discard ban policy, the fishing sector with the largest economic contribution for total discards sales would be multispecies (54%), followed by trawl (26%) and seine (20%). On average, fishing sales contributed with 0.63% to gross domestic production (GDP) between 1938 and 2009. Discard sales can increase 1.07–1.46 times more than the fish landing contribution to GDP. After 1983 the average landings/imports economic ratio was 0.28:1, which means that fish imports surpassed landings economic value 3.57 fold. The discard ban policy can create economic opportunities in the national context thus helping to revitalize some specific fisheries sectors.  相似文献   

全球变暖背景下新疆地区近45 a来最大冻土深度变化及其突变分析     

符传博  丹利  吴涧  魏荣庆 《冰川冻土》2013,35(6):1410-1418

利用覆盖新疆大部分地区资料完整的93个站点资料,对1961-2005年新疆地区最大冻土深度进行了分析. 结果表明：新疆地区月最大冻土深度有明显的季节变化,低海拔区域(海拔<1 800 m)最大值出现在1月份,而高海拔区域(海拔≥1 800 m)的最大值出现在2月份,比低海拔区域要滞后. 新疆地区最大冻土深度的地理分布特征表现为北疆深于南疆,山区深于平原,且与气温的分布有很好的一致性. 全年和冬、春季最大冻土深度与气温场的空间相关系数分别为-0.795、-0.736和-0.848. 年际变化表明,近45 a来的最大冻土深度出现了较为明显的下降. 高海拔区域与低海拔区域年最大冻土深度的倾向率分别为-15.65 cm·(10a)^-1和-9.48 cm·(10a)^-1,且与气温的相关系数分别为-0.51和-0.69,均通过了0.001的信度检验. 同时发现,高海拔区域冬季下降多,而低海拔区域春季下降多. 新疆地区年最大冻土深度在近45 a有明显的突变现象,高海拔区域和低海拔区域突变发生年份分别为1996/1997年度和1978/1979年度,说明新疆地区高海拔区域的年最大冻土深度对气温变化的响应比低海拔区域要滞后. 突变年后高海拔区域与低海拔区域年最大冻土深度比突变年前的平均值分别降低了61.12 cm和26.67 cm.  相似文献   

广西防城港海域沉积物特征及输运趋势     

张亮  梁开  甘华阳  崔振昂 《热带地理》2014,34(5):690-695

通过对2010―2011年在广西防城港海域表层沉积物所取样品进行粒度实验,并利用二维沉积物粒径趋势分析模型进行了粒径输运趋势分析。结果表明,研究区海域底质沉积物类型主要为砂、粉砂质砂、砾石质砂、砂-粉砂-黏土、黏土质粉砂和砂质粉砂等6种。粒度参数在空间分布上,沿岸和西部海域中值粒径较粗,分选中等或较好,偏态呈正偏或极正偏,在海湾口处呈负偏或极负偏;东南部海域粒径较细,分选系数差,偏态呈负偏或近对称。根据沉积物输运趋势方向不同,将研究海域分为3个区：沿岸海域主要离岸输送,方向由北向南;东南部海域的沉积物输运趋势向中间汇聚,形成一个沉积中心;西南部海域,沉积物输运方向偏北。  相似文献   

1984 年以来北京零售业空间发展趋势与特征   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

于伟  王恩儒  宋金平 《地理学报》2012,67(8):1098-1108

在采用虚拟变量对密度函数进行调整的基础上, 借助扩展方法引入时间变量构建计量经济模型测度北京零售业空间发展的分异与趋势, 并利用GIS技术研究了新型零售业的空间布局特征。结果表明:① 1984-2010 年, 近郊区零售业保持着强劲的增长势头, 增速是远郊区的近两倍, 而远郊区快于中心区, 说明中心区零售业地位的相对下降, 类似于20 世纪中期美国大都市区的发展特征。② 2000 年以来, 远郊区零售业增速下降, 近郊区小幅提升, 而中心区发展速度明显回升, 说明部分学者提出的20 世纪90 年代末期旧城区零售业“空洞化”、“边缘化”的发展趋势并未延续。③ 紧随人口的郊区化, 90 年代中期兴起的连锁超市以三环路为基础外向发展, 三、四环路和五、六环路之间数量较多, 而传统百货商店则主要布局在三环路以内。④ 以超市为代表的新型零售业空间布局呈现大分散、小集聚的特征, 没有表现出明显的等级性, 集聚区域既包括近郊人口密集区, 也包括远郊新城和城郊大型居住区。零售业的空间发展趋势与超市的空间特征共同显示, 北京应进一步提升远郊零售业的连锁化水平, 提高服务水平和质量, 促进居住与消费的空间平衡。  相似文献   

20世纪西北地区降水量变化特征   总被引：143，自引：17，他引：126  

宋连春  张存杰 《冰川冻土》2003,25(2):143-148

利用英国东安哥拉大学气候研究中心(CRU)的Hulme最新的1900-1998年的全球降水量资料,分析了20世纪西北地区降水量的变化特征.结果表明,20世纪西北地区降水量处于下降通道中,后期略有回升;西北地区东部和西部降水量的年代际变化有相反的趋势;20世纪后期西北地区中西部降水量有明显的增多趋势,东部降水量持续偏少,干旱连年发生.  相似文献   

地缘政治演变驱动力变化与地缘政治学研究新趋势   总被引：10，自引：3，他引：7  

王礼茂  牟初夫  陆大道 《地理研究》2016,35(1):3-13

随着科技进步和经济、社会的发展,影响地缘政治格局演变的驱动力因子发生了显著变化。首先,技术的进步、高速运输工具的诞生,传统的地理空间关系和地域联系都发生了很大的变化,空间距离所产生的效应在降低;其次,地缘政治博弈主体间的力量对比发生变化,借助互联网,原来相对弱势的个人和非政府组织的地位和作用在上升;第三,在全球化的背景下,经济利益在国家战略中的地位上升,地缘政治的冲突逻辑,正逐渐让位于地缘经济的竞争逻辑;第四,与气候变化相关联的新因素对地缘政治格局的影响越来越显著,碳排放权等相对虚化的权利发展成为新的地缘政治争夺对象。在上述驱动力的作用下,地缘政治学发展和研究出现了新的趋势：① 更加关注全球问题和从全人类视角研究问题,传统的主权国家概念受到严重挑战;② 从对土地、能源矿产和海上战略通道等实体资源争夺,向信息权、碳排放权等相对虚拟的资源转变;③ 重视新的能源类型和新的地域空间对地缘政治格局的影响;④ 通过对传统地缘政治学的批判,在研究内容上向所谓的“低政治”问题拓展,地缘政治与地缘经济、地缘文化等交叉和融合成为趋势;⑤ 地缘政治学研究方法和手段更加多元;⑥ 中国实力的快速增长成为改变世界地缘政治格局的重要力量,也为地缘政治研究带来机遇。  相似文献   

东海内陆架表层沉积物粒度及其净输运模式   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

刘升发  刘焱光  朱爱美  李朝新  石学法 《海洋地质与第四纪地质》2009,(1)

根据对东海内陆架海底沉积物的粒度测试,运用Gao-Collins"粒度趋势分析"方法,探讨了东海内陆架海底表层沉积物的粒度分布特征和净输运趋势。结果表明,研究区表层沉积物可以分为两类:细颗粒(>5Φ)和粗颗粒(<5Φ);细颗粒分布于研究区的大部分区域,而粗颗粒主要分布在闽江、瓯江等入海河流口门以及马祖等海岛附近;表层沉积物的平均粒径、分选系数、偏态等粒度参数对应性较好,总体特征为粒径越粗,分选越差,偏态更正偏,而粒径越细,分选越好,偏态也较低;粒径趋势分析显示东海陆架表层沉积物的运移模式总体为NE—WS方向运移,而研究区边缘在运移过程中发生向左右两侧的偏移,南部闽江河口区沉积物由近岸向海方向辐射运移,研究区表层沉积物的净输运模式主要受控于流系和地形等多种因素。  相似文献   

Temporal and spatial variability in shallow- and deep-water populations of the invasive Caulerpa racemosa var. cylindracea in the Western Mediterranean     

Emma Cebrian  Enric Ballesteros 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2009,83(4):469-474

The invasive green alga Caulerpa racemosa var. cylindracea represents an important threat to the diversity of Mediterranean benthic coastal ecosystems by interfering with native species and modifying benthic assemblages. The present study deals, for the first time, with the temporal and spatial variability of the biomass and phenology of C. racemosa considering both deep- and shallow-water populations. Two sampling depths (30 and 10 m) were sampled at three different rocky bottom sites every 3 months in the Archipelago of Cabrera National Park (Western Mediterranean). All morphometric variables analysed showed a spatial variation and temporal patterns depending on depth. Between depths, C. racemosa biomass, stolon length, number of fronds and frond length were usually significantly higher at deep-water populations, suggesting that C. racemosa grows better in deep-waters. Deep- and shallow-water populations displayed a high temporal variation although no evidence of seasonal patterns was found, in contrast with what has been reported by other authors. The sources of this variability are still unknown but probably both physical factors and differential herbivory pressures display a key role.  相似文献   

Assessing the impact of climate variability and human activities on streamflow from the Wuding River basin in China     

Li-Juan Li  Lu Zhang  Hao Wang  Juan Wang  Jun-Wei Yang  De-Juan Jiang  Jiu-Yi Li  Da-Yong Qin 《水文研究》2007,21(25):3485-3491

Located in the Loess Plateau of China, the Wuding River basin (30 261 km²) contributes significantly to the total sediment yield in the Yellow River. To reduce sediment yield from the catchment, large-scale soil conservation measures have been implemented in the last four decades. These included building terraces and sediment-trapping dams and changing land cover by planting trees and improving pastures. It is important to assess the impact of these measures on the hydrology of the catchment and to provide a scientific basis for future soil conservation planning. The non-parametric Mann–Kendall–Sneyers rank test was employed to detect trends and changes in annual streamflow for the period of 1961 to 1997. Two methods were used to assess the impact of climate variability on mean annual streamflow. The first is based on a framework describing the sensitivity of annual streamflow to precipitation and potential evaporation, and the second relies on relationships between annual streamflow and precipitation. The two methods produced consistent results. A significant downward trend was found for annual streamflow, and an abrupt change occurred in 1972. The reduction in annual streamflow between 1972 and 1997 was 42% compared with the baseline period (1961–1971). Flood-season streamflow showed an even greater reduction of 49%. The streamflow regime of the catchment showed a relative reduction of 31% for most percentile flows, except for low flows, which showed a 57% reduction. The soil conservation measures reduced streamflow variability, leading to more uniform streamflow. It was estimated that the soil conservation measures account for 87% of the total reduction in mean annual streamflow in the period of 1972 to 1997, and the reduction due to changes in precipitation and potential evaporation was 13%. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Implementing adaptation in developed countries: an analysis of progress and trends     

FRÉDÉRIC GAGNON-LEBRUN  SHARDUL AGRAWALA 《Climate Policy》2013,13(5):392-408

Little attention has been paid thus far to the experiences of developed countries in adapting to climate change. This article addresses this research gap by providing an assessment of broad trends in progress on planning and implementing adaptation in developed countries. Primary inputs are the National Communications (NCs) by these countries to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), although the article also discusses illustrative examples of recent adaptation activities that have not been covered in the NCs. NCs reflect ‘whole government’ perspectives and follow a standardized reporting format, which facilitates cross-national comparisons. The analysis shows that impacts and adaptation receive limited attention within NCs. The discussion on impacts and adaptation has typically been dominated by climate scenarios and impacts analysis, while the discussion on adaptation is often limited to the identification of generic options. There are signs of recent progress, however, in the Third and especially the Fourth NCs, in which a growing number of developed countries report on establishing frameworks for adaptation and on efforts to implement adaptation measures that take future climate into account. Although an encouraging sign, it is still too early to assess the eventual impact of such measures.  相似文献