ZC油田活性剂驱效果评价研究     

王晓蕾  王兆良  潘金明 《矿物岩石》2003,23(1):105-108

通过实验物理模拟，确定HABS磺酸盐型阴离子表面活性剂作为化学驱三次采油的驱油剂，在ZC油田进行了为期一年的矿场先导性试验并做出效果评价，确证HABS表面活性剂驱在ZC油田起到了稳油控水、增产挖潜的作用，有明显的经济效益。  相似文献   

A wind tunnel investigation of the influences of fetch length on the flux profile of a sand cloud blowing over a gravel surface     

Zhibao Dong  Hongtao Wang  Xiaoping Liu  Xunming Wang 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2004,29(13):1613-1626

Wind tunnel tests were conducted to examine the fetch effect of a gravel surface on the ?ux pro?le of the sand cloud blowing over it using typical dune sand. The results suggest that the ?ux pro?le of blown sand over a gravel surface differs from that over a sandy surface and is characterized by a peak ?ux at a height above the surface while that over a sandy surface decreases exponentially with height. The ?ux pro?le of a sand cloud over a gravel surface can be expressed by a Gaussian peak function: q = a + b exp (?0·5((h ? c)/d)²), where q is the sand transport rate at height h, and a, b, c and d are regression coef?cients. The signi?cance of the coef?cients in the function could be de?ned in accordance with the fetch length of the gravel surface and wind velocity. Coef?cient c represents the peak ?ux height and increases with both wind velocity and fetch length, implying that the peak ?ux height is related to the bounce height of the particles in the blowing sand cloud. Coef?cient d shows a tendency to increase with both wind velocity and fetch length. The sum of a and b, representing the peak ?ux, increases with wind velocity but decreases with fetch length. The average saltation height derived from the cumulative percentage curve shows a tendency to increase with both the fetch length and wind velocity. For any fetch length of a gravel surface the sand transport equation is expressed as Q = C(1 ? U_t/U)(ρ/g)U³, where Q is the sand transport rate, U is the wind velocity, U_t is the threshold velocity measured at the same height as U, g is the gravitational acceleration, ρ is the air density, C is a proportionality coef?cient that decreases with the fetch length of the gravel surface. At a given wind velocity, the sand transport rate over a gravel surface is only 52–68 per cent of that over a sandy surface. The ?ux rate in true creep over a gravel surface increases with wind velocity but decreases with the fetch length, whereas the creep proportion (the ratio of creep ?ux to the sand transport rate) decreases with both the wind velocity and fetch length. Two‐variable (including fetch length and wind velocity) equations were developed to predict the peak ?ux height, average saltation height and transport rate. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Representing the landslide magnitude–frequency relation: Capilano River basin,British Columbia     

Francesco Brardinoni  Michael Church 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2004,29(1):115-124

We use magnitude–frequency analysis as a statistical tool to quantify the erosion caused by landslides and debris ?ows. Using air‐photo‐ and ground‐derived data we show that the departure from power‐law distribution customarily observed for small magnitude is an artefact of sampling de?ciencies. Nonetheless, the total distribution is not sensitive to the frequency of small slides and total erosion remains adequately represented in the air‐photo‐derived data. Our data also demonstrate a real departure from simple scaling at much larger magnitudes, the cause of which is not de?nitively established. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Experimental investigation of the velocity of a sand cloud blowing over a sandy surface     

Zhibao Dong  Xiaoping Liu  Xunming Wang  Fang Li  Aiguo Zhao 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2004,29(3):343-358

The velocity of a wind‐blown sand cloud is important for studying its kinetic energy, related erosion, and control measures. PDA (particle dynamics analyser) measurement technology is used in a wind tunnel to study the probability distribution of particle velocity, variations with height of the mean velocity and particle turbulence in a sand cloud blowing over a sandy surface. The results suggest that the probability distribution of the particle velocity in a blowing sand cloud is stochastic. The probability distribution of the downwind velocity complies with a Gaussian function, while that of the vertical velocity is greatly complicated by grain impact with the bed and particle–particle collisions in the air. The probability distribution of the vertical velocity of ?ne particles (0·1–0·3 mm sands) can be expressed as a Lorentzian function while that of coarse particles (0·3–0·6 mm sands) cannot be expressed by a simple distribution function. The mean downwind velocity is generally one or two orders greater than the mean vertical velocity, but the particle turbulence in the vertical direction is at least two orders greater than that in the downwind direction. In general, the mean downwind velocity increases with height and free‐stream wind velocity, but decreases with grain size. The variation with height of the mean downwind velocity can be expressed by a power function. The particle turbulence of a blowing sand cloud in the downwind direction decreases with height. The variations with height of the mean velocity and particle turbulence in the vertical direction are very complex. It can be concluded that the velocity of a sand cloud blowing over a sandy surface is mainly in?uenced by wind velocity, grain impact with the bed and particle–particle collisions in the air. Wind velocity is the primary factor in?uencing the downwind velocity of a blowing sand cloud, while the grain impact with the bed and particle–particle collisions in the air are the primary factors responsible for the vertical velocity. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Flow threads in surface run‐off: implications for the assessment of flow properties and friction coefficients in soil erosion and hydraulics investigations     

David Dunkerley 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2004,29(8):1011-1026

Soil surface microtopography produces non‐uniform surface run‐off, in which narrow threads of relatively deep and fast ?ow move within broader, shallower, slower‐moving regions. This kind of ?ow is probably widespread, given that microtopography is itself common. Methods used to record the properties of surface run‐off include grid‐ or transect‐based depth observations, with a single mean ?ow speed derived by calculation from V = Q/WD, and the use of dye timing to estimate velocity, with an effective mean depth calculated from D = Q/WV. Because these methods allow only single, ?ow‐?eld mean values to be derived for V or D, neither is well suited to non‐uniform ?ows. The use of depth data to derive a ?ow‐?eld mean V furthermore implicitly applies area weighting to the depth data; likewise, the use of dye speeds for V inherently overestimates mean V because dye dominantly follows the faster ?ow threads. The associated errors in derived parameters such as friction coef?cients are not readily quanti?ed and appear not to have been addressed previously. New ?eld experiments made on untilled soil surfaces in arid western NSW, Australia, explore these circumstances and the implications for deriving meaningful measures of ?ow properties, including friction coef?cients. On surfaces deliberately chosen for their very subtle microtopography, average thread velocities are shown to be commonly 2·5 times greater than the ?ow‐?eld mean, and locally 6–7 times greater. On the other hand, non‐thread ?ow speeds lie below the ?ow‐?eld mean, on average reaching only 84 per cent of this value, and often considerably less. Flow‐?eld means conceal the existence of regions of the ?ow ?eld whose properties are statistically distinct. Results con?rm that a reliance on ?ow‐?eld average depths yields estimates of friction coef?cients that are biased toward the shallower, high‐roughness parts of the ?ow, while if dye speeds are relied upon the results are biased toward the deeper, smoother threads of ?ow. A new approach to the evaluation of friction coef?cients in non‐uniform ?ows is advanced, involving the determination of separate coef?cients for threads and non‐thread zones of the ?ow ?eld. In contrast, ?ow‐?eld friction coef?cients as they are customarily derived in run‐off plot experiments subsume these distinct coef?cients in proportions that are generally unknown. The value of such coef?cients is therefore questionable. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Use of Plant Bioassays for the Detection of Genotoxins in the Aquatic Environment     

Bernhard J. Majer  Tamara Grummt  Maria Uhl  Siegfried Knasmüller 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2005,33(1):45-55

The present article describes the use of plant bioassays for the detection of genotoxins in the aquatic environment and gives an overview of test methods, their detection spectrum for environmental mutagens and carcinogens and their limitations and pitfalls. The most widely used test systems are micronucleus assays with meiotic cells of Tradescantia and with meristematic root tip cells of Allium and Vicia. In the last years, protocols for single cell gel electrophoresis assays have been developed, which can be conducted with a variety of species. Also various gene mutation test procedures have been developed with plants but they have hardly ever been used in environmental studies. Plants detect a broad variety of environmentally relevant genotoxins, in particular directly acting compounds. Many pesticides and industrial chemicals caused positive results; plant assays are also a unique tool for the detection of DNA‐reactive carcinogenic heavy metals in the environment. In many studies with complex mixtures, positive results were obtained which indicates that plants are sufficiently sensitive to detect effects without concentration of water samples. One of the shortcomings of the use of plants as indicators is their lack of sensitivity towards certain classes of promutagens such as nitrosamines, heterocyclic amines, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). However, the former compounds are hardly encountered in the environment and PAHs can easily be detected chemically and in other mutagenicity tests. Taken together, the currently available data show that plant bioassays are a useful component of test batteries for environmental monitoring.  相似文献   

东海陆架EA01孔沉积物常微量元素变化及其意义   总被引：8，自引：1，他引：8  

熊应乾  刘振夏  杜德文  余华  李双林 《沉积学报》2006,24(3):356-364

以EA01孔为研究对象，运用元素地球化学数据并辅以古生物、矿物等指标探讨东海中陆架北部的地层划分及物质来源。首先在前人工作的基础上研究常微量元素垂向变化，发现EA01孔沉积物元素地球化学地层学信息可以作为指示地层和古气候信息的良好指标；同时运用因子分析，La/Yb—Ni/Co—Cr/V三角图和U/Th—(Zr+Hf)/(Al2O3+TiO2)散点图等多种方法分析了EA01孔沉积物的物质来源，认为EA01孔沉积物主要来源于长江，其物质成分可能部分受到古气候和沉积环境的影响。  相似文献   

Spectral analysis of quasi-stationary sea surface topography from GRACE mission   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

ZHANG Zizhan  & LU Yang  . Institute of Geodesy  Geophysics  Chinese Academy of Sciences  Wuhan  China  . Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing  China  . Unite Center for Astro-geodymics Research  Chinese Academy of Sciences  Shanghai  China 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2005,48(11):2040-2048

The mean sea surface height (MSSH) refers to the average of the long-term sea height. The quasi-sea surface topography (QSST) is usually defined as the height difference between the MSSH and the geoid. As to 100 years of time yardstick of geodesy, the time that satellite altimetry data sets spanned is relatively shorter, in this paper, the QSST refers to the residual sea surface height (RSSH) that shows the height dif-ference between MSSH derived from altimetry and the geoid[1]. As w…  相似文献   

TY01和O02两种海面空气动力粗糙度方案的比较     

潘玉萍  沙文钰 《海洋预报》2004,21(1):56-64

本文采用美国国家浮标站(44008)2003年1～3月的资料，通过COARE算法(版本2．6b)，比较了O02和TY01这两种海面空气动力粗糙度长度的参数化方案。通过对摩擦速度、拖曳系数、海面粗糙度及风应力等物理因子的计算得出：在粗糙的海面上，TY01和O02两种参数化方案的计算结果是比较一致的。在考虑浪的信息方面，TY01和O02都是很好的参数化方案．它们都可以适用于不同的风速条件，适用于各种尺度的海洋及湖泊。但是这两种方案在处理幼波时存在不连续的缺点。并且，对于风速较小的光滑海面，尽管它们计算的结果较一致，但是仍然存在偏差。据此，本文的结果对于理论分析和数值计算如何正确使用上述两种海面空气动力粗糙度参数化方案，可提供必要的参考价值。  相似文献   

东海外陆架EA01孔末次冰期最盛期的三角洲沉积   总被引：7，自引：3，他引：7  

李绍全  李双林  陈正新  唐保根  陈裕迅 《海洋地质与第四纪地质》2002,22(3):19-26

对东海 EA 0 1孔 (30°2 2 .96 15′ N、 12 5°4 5 .6 0 5 5′ E)岩心的沉积层序、粒度成分、沉积物年代、底栖有孔虫组合及其沉积环境的研究 ,揭示了东海外陆架末次冰期最盛期的三角洲沉积。钻孔 0 .36～ 2 9.6 5 m为一不完整的进积三角洲沉积层序 ,自下而上依次为前三角洲、河口沙坝和分流间湾的交替沉积 ;末次冰期三角洲的发育 ,表明了冰期低海面时期外陆架上的继承性沉降盆地仍被海水覆盖 ;盆地的区域沉降与海平面的共同作用形成了容纳沉积物的有效空间 ,捕获了河流带来的沉积物而形成三角洲 ,这是河流对海平面变化和构造下沉的响应 ,同时也反映了冰期陆架环境的多样性  相似文献