The European Integrated Maritime Policy: The next five years     

《Marine Policy》2015

At the time of writing, the EU has just finished appointing a new cohort of senior representatives for the period 2014–2019. This includes appointing a Commissioner with a newly defined remit for Environment, Maritime Affairs and Fisheries and the members of the various Committees of the European Parliament with competences related to maritime affairs. These individuals will invariably spend at least part of their first months in office identifying their respective priorities for the coming years. This commentary seeks to contribute to these deliberations by making concrete suggestions for priorities that might be considered as regards the future of the EU’s Integrated Maritime Policy (IMP). Seven years since its launch, the IMP remains very much a work in progress. Drawing on recent academic studies of the EU’s various ocean related policies this commentary argues that two of the greatest weaknesses of the IMP are the sectoral nature of priority-setting and strategy-making as well as the lack of a funding tool to implement its aims. Two concrete proposals are made, specifically aimed at the incoming EU leadership, which seek to address these weaknesses and to realize the aims articulated in the IMP.  相似文献   

GIS创新实习平台的构建     

柳林  李万武  王萍  李英  孙翠羽 《测绘软科学研究》2010,(1):65-69

分析了地理信息系统创新实习存在的问题，提出了构建地理信息系统创新实习平台的解决方案，设计出地理信息系统创新实习平台总体结构，并从数据服务器、应用服务器及应用示例三方面构建了地理信息系统创新实习平台。  相似文献   

Monitoring and simulation of water, heat,and CO2 fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems based on the APEIS-FLUX system   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

WATANABEMasataka WANGQinxue HAYASHISeiji MURAKAMIShogo LIUJiyuan OUYANGZhu LIYan LIYingnian WANGKelin 《地理学报(英文版)》2005,15(2):131-141

1IntroductionInJune1992,theworldsummitorganizedbytheUnitedNations,withparticipantsincludingnationalleadersfromaroundtheworld,concludedwithAgenda21(UnitedNations,1992),theRioDeclarationonEnvironmentandDevelopment,inRiodeJaneiro.Thedeclarationpromptedcountr…  相似文献   

Patterns of evolution of research strands in the hydrologic sciences   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

F. W. Schwartz  Y. C. Fang  S. Parthasarathy 《Hydrogeology Journal》2005,13(1):25-36

This paper examines issues of impact and innovation in groundwater research by using bibliometric data and citation analysis.The analysis is based on 3120 papers from the journal Water Resources Research with full contents and their citation data from the ISI Web of Science. The research is designed to develop a better understanding of the way citation numbers can be interpreted by scientists. Not surprisingly, the most highly cited papers appear to be pioneers in the field with papers departing significantly from what has come before and to be effective in creating similar, follow-on papers. Papers that are early contributions to a new research strand that is highly influential will be on average highly cited. However, the importance of a research strand as measured by citations seems to fall with time. The citation patterns of some classic papers show that the activity in the topical area and impact of follow-on papers gradually decline with time, which has similarities with Kuhns ideas of revolutionary and normal science. The results of this study reinforce the importance of being a pioneer in a research strand, strategically shifting research strands, adopting strategies that can facilitate really major research breakthroughs.

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Resumen Este artículo examina los temas de impacto e innovación en la investigación de las aguas subterráneas, mediante el uso de datos bibliométricos y del análisis de las referencias bibliográficas. El análisis se basó en 3120 artículos de la revista Water Resources Research, con el contenido completo y sus datos de referencias bibliográficas obtenidos de la Red de Ciencia ISI. La investigación se diseñó para desarrollar un entendimiento mayor de la forma en que la cantidad de citas bibliográficas puede ser interpretada por los científicos. No es sorprendente que los artículos más citados, parecen ser los pioneros en el campo, siendo artículos que divergen significativamente de lo que se ha hecho anteriormente, los cuales son efectivos creando de manera similar otros artículos seguidores. Los artículos que son contribuciones iniciales en una línea de investigación nueva, la cual es de alta influencia, serán en promedio citados muy frecuentemente. Sin embargo, la importancia de una línea de investigación, de acuerdo a su medida por las veces que es citada, parece disminuir con el tiempo. Las tendencias en cuanto a hacer citas bibliográficas de algunos artículos clásicos, muestran que la actividad en el área de actualidad, lo mismo que el impacto de los artículos seguidores, declinan con el tiempo gradualmente, lo cual muestra parecidos con las ideas de Kuhn acerca de la ciencia revolucionaria y la ciencia normal. Los resultados de este estudio refuerzan la importancia de ser un pionero en una línea de investigación, cambiando estratégicamente de líneas de investigación y adoptando estrategias que puedan facilitar verdaderos avances en investigaciones de trascendencia.

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Résumé Larticle examine les problèmes dimpact et dinnovation dans la recherche des eaux souterraines en utilisant les données bibliométriques et lanalyse des citations. Lanalyse a été faite sur 3120 articles parus dans Water Resources Research en tenant compte de leur texte complet et de toutes citations parues dans lISI Web de la Science. Le but de la recherche a été de mieux comprendre comment le nombre des citations peut être interprété par les scientifiques. Ce nest pas une surprise que les plus cités articles soient les articles-pionniers dans leurs domaines, qui sécartent dune manière significative de ce qui a été écrit auparavant et qui ont été suivi par des nouveaux articles. Les articles qui présentent une première contribution dans leur domaine et qui ont beaucoup influencé la recherche sont en général les plus cités. Il semble que la diminution de limportance dun domaine de recherche est aussi reflétée par le nombre de citations. Le modèle des citations des quelques articles classiques montre que lactivité dans le domaine ainsi que limpact sur les articles suivantes déclinent progressivement pendant le temps ce qui présente une analogie avec les idées de Kuhn sur la science normale et révolutionnaire. Le résultat de létude renforce une fois de plus limportance dêtre un pionnier dans un domaine, en faisant avancer la recherche dans le domaine respectif, en adoptant des stratégies qui peuvent créer des percées majeures dans la recherche.

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A practical method for outlier detection in autoregressive time series modelling   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

M. C. Hau  H. Tong 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》1989,3(4):241-260

A practical method is developed for outlier detection in autoregressive modelling. It has the interpretation of a Mahalanobis distance function and requires minimal additional computation once a model is fitted. It can be of use to detect both innovation outliers and additive outliers. Both simulated data and real data re used for illustration, including one data set from water resources.  相似文献   

地理信息系统技术自主创新与产业实践   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

钟耳顺 《地理信息世界》2005,3(B08):1-5

自主创新是发展我国GIS技术与产业的重要途径。经过近10年的努力。我们发展了SuperMap GIS技术体系，形成了系列产品。SuperMap在GIS软件技术体系结构、功能和性能上。都体现和融合了众多自主创新的成果。SuperMap的发展为我国GIS技术跨越式发展开创了新的道路。GIS技术的自主刨新必须与产业化紧密相结合，在实现技术自主创新的同时，大力推动产品化和市场化。至今SuperMap已经在国内众多领域中成功应用，并走向国际市场。自主创新，团结奋斗，开放合作。共同发展已经成为SuperMap发展的重要理念。  相似文献   

The emergence of a post-industrial music economy? Music and ICT synergies in Stockholm, Sweden     

Dominic Power  Johan Jansson 《Geoforum》2004,35(4):425-439

Research into the music industry has for a long time been almost exclusively dominated by a focus on the production of albums and songs. In recent years, however, cities such as Stockholm have seen the growth of a profitable and varied music services industry producing everything from remixes to music marketing strategies. Standing at the forefront of this growth industry are a large number of firms attempting to combine in innovative ways music and ICT. This can take a variety of forms, for instance: selling and distributing music over the internet; web design and computerised advertising services tailored to music products; software design focused on multimedia products and virtual instruments; high-tech post-production and mixing services; and virtual centres and communities of music industry actors. The article will examine these activities within the city in attempt to measure the direction and cohesiveness of the emerging sector. The article concludes by arguing that these type of new industrial synergies tell us much about the way industrial innovations are formed in an interindustry and inter-cluster environment, and the future competitiveness and shape of the music industry. In particular, the article argues that evidence from Stockholm points to the emergence of a post-industrial musical economy.  相似文献   

The Slippery Slopes of Climate Engineering Research     

《Global Environmental Change》2023

Climate engineering research attracts Slippery Slope concerns – the idea that initial research will inevitably lead to inappropriate deployment. Some have dismissed it as an unrealistic, unproductive critique. However, extant climate engineering discussions of the Slippery Slope discuss an unorganised set of different causal mechanisms with little detail. These range from technological cost reduction, to the creation of special interest lobby groups, to normalisation across society and policymakers. Dismissing the Slippery Slope may be premature if its causal nature is unclear, especially given the potentially high impacts and controversy of global climate engineering deployment. Disaggregating and clarifying the Slippery Slope can reduce unnecessary ambiguity, promote productive debate, and highlight risks that require further attention. Drawing on previous Slippery Slope literature and mechanisms of change from range of disciplines, this paper creates a typology of Slippery Slopes for application to stratospheric aerosol injection and other emerging technologies. Initial research can lead to deployment by 1) sparking price-performance improvements and sunk cost biases, 2) contributing to normalisation and legitimisation, 3) altering power structures, 4) sparking hype, and 5) incrementally progressing development. These feedback loops may currently seem unlikely, but unforeseen dynamics could still trigger rapid development and implementation of stratospheric aerosol injection. Conversely, there is no guarantee one of these Slippery Slopes will occur. The point is that they could – the future is too uncertain to fully dismiss non-linear change, particularly for high impact and accessible technologies like stratospheric aerosol injection. This can provide direction and clarity for effective technology governance and Slippery Slope discussion. Furthermore, this typology differentiates the Slippery Slope from lock-in and highlights their interaction points. Slippery Slope dynamics are processes that can (but are not guaranteed to) lead to different types of lock-in. Lock-in is when a technology is entrenched in existing sociotechnical systems. Given the risks of unchecked undesired lock-in, lock-in is a state to be encouraged instead of avoided.  相似文献   

Lessons from the past for sustainability transitions? A meta-analysis of socio-technical studies     

《Global Environmental Change》2017

To break away from techno-institutional lock-in in climate change and in other sustainability problems, many have focused on innovation in technological ‘niches’. The destabilisation of the incumbent ‘regime’ has been neglected and external ‘landscape’ pressures under-analysed. With this in mind, this article examines the factors of regime destabilisation and forms of regime resistance in past technological transitions in energy and transport. It analyses 23 energy (electricity, heat & chemicals) and 11 transport (drive chain, networks, fuels & land planning) transitions pre-1990. Furthermore, in order to properly frame these results and make any “lessons from the past” applicable to the present, this article includes an assessment of current sustainability trends.The key lessons from past energy transitions are that regime outsiders with the right ideology and influence on the market can destabilise the energy sector, which has traditionally had strong incumbents. As incumbents are weakened, past transport transitions show that further change may come from emphasising the Health and Lifestyle benefits of sustainability transitions.  相似文献   

‘This place gives me space’: place and creativity in the creative industries     

Graham Drake   《Geoforum》2003,34(4):511-524

This paper focuses on the relationship between place and individualised creativity in micro and small enterprises within the creative industries. The paper uses the findings from qualitative interviews with workers in the craft metalwork and digital design sectors of the creative industries in the UK to analyse how the perceived attributes of a location may provide inspiration in the creative process. Current spatial theory on the creative industries has emphasised both collective creativity and ways in which clusters of creative enterprises in particular places can promote creativity. This paper analyses the empirical evidence obtained in the interviews and argues that the links between place and creativity can be important and influential in the creative process and that current theory needs to be extended to take greater account of individual creativity and the ways in which the attributes of localities can be used as a catalyst for individual creativity.  相似文献