Editors' note     

Giuliano F. Panza  Stephan Mueller  Erhard Wielandt 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1980,118(2):1191-1191

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Concepts for reference frames in geodesy and geodynamics: The reference directions     

Erik W. Grafarend  Ivan I. Mueller  Haim B. Papo  Burghard Richter 《Journal of Geodesy》1979,53(3):195-213

Modern high accuracy measurements of the non-rigid earth are to be referred to four-dimensional, i.e., time- and space-dependent reference frames. Geodynamic phenomena derived from these measurements are to be described in a terrestrial reference frame in which both space- and time-like variations can be monitored. Existing conventional terrestrial reference frames (e.g. CIO, BIH) are no longer suitable for such purposes. The ultimate goal of this study is the establishment of a reference frame, moving with the earth in some average sense, in which the geometric and dynamic behavior of the earth can be monitored, and whose motion with respect to inertial space can also be determined. The study is conducted in several parts. In the first part problems related to reference directions are investigated, while subsequent parts deal with positions, i.e., with reference origins and scale. Only the first part is treated in this paper. The approach is based on the fact that reference directions at an observation point on the earth surface are defined by fundamental vectors (gravity, earth rotation, etc.), both space and time variant. These reference directions are interrelated by angular parameters, also derived from the fundamental vectors. The interrelationships between these space- and time-variant angular parameters are illustrated in a commutative diagram, tower of triads, which makes the derivation of the various relationships convenient. In order to determine the above parameters from observations using least squares techniques, a model tower of triads is also presented to allow the formation of linear observation equations. Although the model tower is also space and time variant, its variations are described by adopted parameters representing our current knowledge of the earth.  相似文献   

Transient analysis of earthquake and explosion arrivals     

Prof. Dr. M. Ewing  Dipl.-Phys. S. Mueller  M. Landisman  Prof. Dr. Y. Satô 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1959,44(1):83-118

Summary An electronic sound spectrograph has been used to analyze the transients in complicated earthquake and explosion signals. Transient analysis with a sound spectrograph gives a means for directly obtaining group velocity at each of the spectral frequencies for each of the separate arrival branches, for any type of transient signal. Compared to frequency analysis, it presents the fine spectral structure of the signal as it changes with time, not an average over a time that includes many parts of the seismic signal.Dispersion as well as the body wave spectrum of theP wave has been observed by transient analysis of seismic signals. Dispersion has also possibly been observed in theS wave, and in the various multiply reflectedS waves, which have been found to increase in period from one arrival to the next. The dispersed pattern of arrival of fundamental and higher mode surface waves has been observed for oceanic, continental, and mixed paths. Among these signals is a clear indication of the continental second shear mode. The separation of surface waves for the direct and complementary paths has also been accomplished. Our results compare well with those obtained by standard techniques.The dispersion of the fundamental and higher mode signals from explosive sources in shallow water may be easily studied by making sound spectrograms and amplitude sections of these seismic signals. These shallow water shots show bubble pulses and Airy phases, which are clearly defined on the spectrograms and sections.

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Zusammenfassung Ein elektronischer Schallspektrograph wurde benutzt, um die nichtstationären Vorgänge in komplizierten Erdbeben- und Explosionswellen zu analysieren. Die Analyse von nichtstationären Vorgängen mittels dieses Schallspektrographen ergibt unmittelbar die Gruppengeschwindigkeit jeder einzelnen Spektralfrequenz für die verschiedenen seismischen Wellenphasen, die ja solche nichtstationären Vorgänge darstellen. Verglichen mit einer gewöhnlichen Frequenzanalyse liefert diese Art von Analyse die Spektralfeinstruktur des zeitlich sich ändernden Signals und nicht ein Mittel über ein Zeitintervall, das einen grösseren Teil des seismischen Schwingungsablaufs umfasst.Sowohl Dispersionserscheinungen in derP-Welle als auch deren diskretes Amplitudenspektrum wurden mit Hilfe dieser Analyse seismischer Signale festgestellt. Dispersion wurde mit ziemlicher Wahrscheinlichkeit auch bei derS-Welle beobachtet, und in den verschiedenen mehrfachreflektiertenS-Wellen zeigt sich in aufeinanderfolgenden Reflexionen eine Periodenzunahme. Das disperse Erscheinungsbild der Oberflächenwellen in ihrer Grundschwingungstype und den zugehörigen Schwingungstypen höherer Ordnung wurde für ozeanischen, kontinentalen und gemischten Weg aufgenommen. Unter diesen Wellentypen findet sich eine klare Andeutung der kontinentalen Scherschwingungsform zweiter Ordnung vom Rayleigh-Typus (Second Shear Mode). Die Aufspaltung von Oberflächenwellen für direkten und antipodalen Weg wurde ebenfalls erreicht. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen eine gute Übereinstimmung mit den von herkömmlichen Methoden stammenden Resultaten.Die Dispersion von Wellentypen erster und höherer Ordnung, die durch Explosionen im Seichtwasser angeregt werden, kann leicht an Hand der Schallspektrogramme und momentanen Amplitudenspektren ihrer seismischen Signale untersucht werden. Solche Seichtwasserdetonationen zeigen Pulsationen und Airy-Phasen, die sich eindeutig auf den Spektrogrammen und Amplitudenbildern abzeichnen.

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With two plates: Figs. 6 & 17

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Preliminary results presented at the 30th Annual Meeting of the Eastern Section of the Seismological Society of America, June 13–14, 1958, inSt. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A.-Lamont Geological Observatory Contribution No. 383.  相似文献   

Interpolation of deflections of the vertical by means of a torsion balance     

I. I. Mueller 《Journal of Geodesy》1966,40(2):171-174

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A crustal section across the Eastern Alps based on gravity and seismic refraction data     

Stephan Mueller  Manik Talwani 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1971,85(1):226-239

Summary Existing gravity and seismic refraction data are used to deduce a crustal cross section across the Eastern Alps along the meridian 11°.4 East. The results suggest that a high density body of the Ivrea type is present under the southern margin of the Alps, that the Apennines do not have a crustal root extending to a depth of 50 km and that a profound discontinuity extending to the base of the crust exists between the Apennines and the Po Valley.Lamont-Doherty Contribution No. 1590.  相似文献   

The effect of earth orientation errors in baseline determination     

Erricos C. Pavlis  Ivan I. Mueller 《Journal of Geodesy》1983,57(1-4):273-282

The determination of baseline lengths from certain space techniques is based on the derived coordinates of the terminal stations. As such, the estimated baselines are susceptible to systematic errors that affect the relative coordinates. One source of error is in the set of parameters which describes the continuously changing relative orientation of the Conventional Terrestrial (CTS) and Inertial (CIS) Reference frames. Due to these errors, the coordinates of each terminal station may in fact refer to a slightly different coordinate svstem, and, therefore, when used for computing the length between the stations, errors will result. The expected magnitudes of such errors and their possible presence in current solutions are investigated. In conclusion, we find that the present level of accuracy and stability of the available parameters connecting the CTS and CIS (e.g., the ERP series) is unsatisfactory for centimeter level baseline length determinations. The available options are either the use of strictly simultaneous SLR data sets (similar to the VLBI data sets) or the improvement of the parameters connecting the CTS and the CIS. The first long-range step in the latter direction is the support of the IAG/IAU Joint Working Group COTES proposal [CSTG Bulletin, 1982], endorsed by both the IAG and IAU in various resolutions [IAU, 1983; IAG, 1982]. Presented at the Annual Fall Meeting of the American Geophysical Union, San Francisco, December 7–15, 1982, and at the Fifth Annual NASA Geodynamics Program Conference and Crustal Dynamics Project Review, Washington, D.C., January 24–28, 1983.  相似文献   

An unusual fluvial to tidal transition in the mesoarchean Moodies Group, South Africa: A response to high tidal range and active tectonics     

Kenneth A. Eriksson  Edward L. Simpson  Wulf Mueller 《Sedimentary Geology》2006,190(1-4):13-24

The Moodies Group in the Dycedale Syncline, Barberton Greenstone Belt consists of a 100–130 m-thick upward-fining succession that exhibits a transition from fluvial to tide-modified sedimentation. A basal, 10–30 m-thick conglomerate–sandstone interval of alluvial origin is overlain by stacked upward-fining, decimeter- to meter-scale cycles within which three facies are recognized: 1) conglomerate lag; 2) cross-bedded sandstone; and 3) interlaminated sandstone–siltstone and mudstone. Within the cycles, the abundance of mudstone drapes increases upwards. Structureless conglomerates and cross-beds lacking mudstone drapes record braided-alluvial processes. In contrast, cross-beds with mudstone drapes and interlaminated sandstone–siltstone and mudstone are products of flows modified by various tidal beats. Sand and/or silt transport took place during the ebb and flood stages and mudstone accumulated during slack water phases. Alternating thick–thin laminations reflect dominant and subordinate, twice-daily tides. Thicker groupings of foresets and thicker intervals of vertically stacked sandstone–siltstone and mudstone laminations are interpreted as spring tide deposits whereas thinner groupings of foresets and thinner laminations record neap tides. Desiccated mudstone drapes on foresets indicate that bedforms rarely were locally exposed during some portion of the tidal cycle. Abundant exposure structures in the interlaminated sandstone–siltstone and mudstone facies indicate that the cycles are upward shoaling. The stacked upward-fining cycles are attributed to alternating subaerial exposure and fluvial influx followed by marine inundation, probably related to absolute sea level fluctuations. Lack of high-order vegetation on the Archean landscape promoted rapid lateral migration or avulsion of tidally influenced fluvial channels.

The association of facies within the 100–130 m-thick upward-fining succession is comparable to Holocene and ancient paleovalley fills characterized by basal alluvial gradational upwards into estuarine facies. However, in the absence of vegetation, the land–ocean interface in the Archean probably consisted of laterally extensive fan or braid deltas rather than point sources of sediment characteristic of most modern rivers. The abrupt up-section change from syntectonic, high-energy, alluvial–fluvial flash flood deposits to tide-influenced sedimentation implies a proximal source that provided sediment to a shoreline influenced by strong tidal action. Possible Holocene analogues are orogenic settings such as the Canterbury Plains of New Zealand, the Indo-Gangetic Plains of India and strike-slip settings such as the Gulf of Aqaba but all three examples lack a direct transition to tidally influenced sedimentation.  相似文献   

Precambrian clastic sedimentation systems   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

P. G. Eriksson  K. C. Condie  H. Tirsgaard  W. U. Mueller  W. Altermann  A. D. Miall  L. B. Aspler  O. Catuneanu  J. R. Chiarenzelli 《Sedimentary Geology》1998,120(1-4):5-53

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A Lithospheric Cross-Section Through the Swiss Alps—I. Thermokinematic Modelling of the Neoalpine Orogeny     

N. Okaya  R. Freeman  E. Kissling  St. Mueller 《Geophysical Journal International》1996,125(2):504-518

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Untersuchungen zum Stickstoff-, Phosphor- und Kaliumeintrag in das Grundwasser nach Gülledüngung     

K. Mueller 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1988,16(4):397-405

About 53 million tons of liquid manure from the animal husbandry plants of the GDR are used for purposes of organic fertilization per year. Fertilization by liquid manure must be reasonably done, since there should be avoided fertilization and yield losses of agriculture and damages to the ground-water as a drinking-water resource. In dependence on the cultivation of crops, the kinds of graining of soils, the month of application and of the quantity used–referred to the application of nitrogen of liquid manure in kg/ha–the enrichment effect of nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus in infiltration water is determined with the aid of lysimeter investigations. Components of nitrogen which are not used by plants get into ground-water as undesired nitrate, partly through nitrification processes. Unused potassium, too, migrates into ground-water, whereas phosphorus is bound by soil. By proposals for new limit values of load with liquid manure, summarized in tabular form, the valid specifications of the GDR standards “TGL” are criticized.  相似文献