地下水NO3^-氮与氧同位素研究进展     

邓林曹玉清  王文科 《地球科学进展》2007,22(7):716-724

人为活动通常是地下水硝酸盐污染的主要原因。不同来源的NO3^-具有不同的氮、氧同位素组成,利用地下水NO3^-中的δ15N和δ18O值可有效识别地下水硝酸盐污染的来源。引起地下水中NO3^-含量显著减少的不同物理、化学和生物过程,所产生的氮、氧同位素分馏效应有明显差别。地下水系统中反硝化作用发生时,NO3^-中氮和氧同位素分馏系数呈一定比例。因此NO3^-中δ15N和δ18O值也是示踪地下水硝酸盐循环,尤其是反硝化作用的有效手段。利用NO3^-中氮和氧双同位素,并与其他环境同位素及化学分析技术相结合,示踪NO3^-来源及其循环是地下水硝酸盐污染研究的重要方向之一。综述了利用地下水硝酸盐中氮和氧同位素识别NO3^-污染源与循环的研究进展,简述了近年迅速发展的阴离子交换树脂取样法,概述了此方面研究存在的主要问题,并展望了今后的研究方向。  相似文献   

Validation of an intrinsic groundwater pollution vulnerability methodology using a national nitrate database   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

I. P. Holman  R. C. Palmer  P. H. Bellamy  J. M. Hollis 《Hydrogeology Journal》2005,13(5-6):665-674

The importance of groundwater for potable supply, and the many sources of anthropogenic contamination, has led to the development of intrinsic groundwater vulnerability mapping. An Analysis of Co-Variance and Analysis of Variance are used to validate the extensively applied UK methodology, based upon nitrate concentrations from 1,108 boreholes throughout England and Wales. These largely confirm the current aquifer and soil leaching potential classifications and demonstrate the benefits of combining soil and low permeability drift information. European legislation such as the Water Framework Directive will require more dynamic assessments of pollutant risk to groundwater. These results demonstrate that a number of improvements are required to future intrinsic groundwater vulnerability methodologies. The vertical succession of geological units must be included, so that non-aquifers can be zoned in the same way as aquifers for water supply purposes, while at the same time recognising their role in influencing the quality of groundwater in deeper aquifers. Classifications within intrinsic vulnerability methodologies should be based upon defined diagnostic properties rather than expert judgement. Finally the incorporation into groundwater vulnerability methodologies of preferential flow in relation to geological deposits, soil type and land management practices represents a significant, but important, future challenge.

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Resumen La importancia de las aguas subterráneas en el abastecimiento de agua potable, y las muchas fuentes de contaminación antropogénica, ha llevado al desarrollo del mapeo de vulnerabilidad a la contaminación intrínseca de aguas subterráneas. Se han utilizado un análisis de co-varianza y análisis de varianza para validar la metodología que se ha aplicado extensamente en UK basada en concentraciones de nitrato de 1108 pozos a través de Inglaterra y Gales. Se confirma ampliamente las clasificaciones actuales de acuíferos y potencial de lixiviación del suelo y se demuestra los beneficios de combinar la información de suelos y derrubios de baja permeabilidad. La legislación europea tal como el Marco Directivo del Agua requerirá evaluaciones más dinámicas del riesgo a la contaminación de agua subterránea. Estos resultados demuestran que se requieren varias mejoras en las metodologías futuras de vulnerabilidad intrínseca a la contaminación de agua subterránea. Tiene que incluirse la secuencia vertical de las unidades geológicas de modo que las unidades que no son acuíferos puedan zonificarse de la misma manera que los acuíferos con fines de abastecimiento de agua, mientras que al mismo tiempo se reconozca el papel que tienen en la influencia de la calidad de agua subterránea en acuíferos profundos. Las clasificaciones de las metodologías de vulnerabilidad intrínseca deberían basarse en las propiedades diagnósticas características más que en el juicio experto. Finalmente la incorporación de flujo preferencial en las metodologías de vulnerabilidad de agua subterránea en relación a las formaciones geológicas, tipo de suelo y prácticas de manejo de la tierra representa un desafío futuro no solo significativo sino que importante.

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Résumé Limportance des eaux-souterraines pour lalimentation en eau potable, et les multiples sources de contaminations anthropiques, ont conduit au développement de cartes de vulnérabilité intrinsèque des eaux souterraines aux pollutions. Une analyse de la co-variance et lanalyse de la variance sont utilisées pour valider la méthodologie extensive utilisée en UK, basée sur les concentration en nitrates de 1108 forages en Angleterre et en Ecosse. Ceci confirme les classifications courantes basées sur la nature des aquifères et le potentiel de lessivage des sols, et démontre le bénéfice que lon peut tirer à combiner linformation dérivant des sols et des faibles perméabilités. La législation européenne telle la Directive Cadre Européenne demandera des évaluations plus dynamiques des risques de pollution affectant les eaux souterraines. Ces résultats démontrent quun certain nombre daméliorations sont nécessaires aux futures méthodes de vulnérabilité intrinsèque des eaux souterraines. La succession verticale dunités géologiques doit être pris en compte, de telle manière que les parties non-aquifères puissent être zonées de la même manière que les aquifères pour lapprovisionnement en eaux potables, et reconnaître par la même occasion leur influence sur la qualité des eaux souterraines dans les aquifères profonds. Les classifications utilisées dans les méthodes de vulnérabilité intrinsèque devraient être basées sur les propriétés dun diagnostique défini plutôt que sur un jugement expert. Finalement lincorporation, dans les méthodes de vulnérabilité intrinsèque, des écoulements préférentiels en relation avec les formations géologiques, les types de sol et les pratiques daménagement du territoire représentent un challenge futur significatif et ortant.

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Water chemistry and hydrometeorology in a glacierized catchment in the Polar Urals,Russia     

Łukasz Stachnik  Piotr Wałach  Łukasz Uzarowicz  Jacob C. Yde  Zornitza Tosheva  Dominika Wrońska-Wałach 《山地科学学报》2014,11(5):1097-1111

This study aims to determine the relationships between local meteorological conditions,proglacial river discharge and biogeochemical processes operating in a periglacial basin located in the Polar Ural mountain range, Russia. Fieldwork was conducted in the catchment of Obruchev Glacier(13 km2) during the summer peak flow period in 2008. River discharge was dominated by snowmelt and changed from 3300 l s-1 to less than 1000 l s-1. The mean daily air temperatures of stations situated in the mountain tundra and near Obruchev Glacier from July 11 th to August 1st 2008 were 14.4°C and 10.3°C, respectively. The glacial river had low total dissolved solids varying from 4.5 to 9 mg l-1 and coefficients of correlation between Na+ and Cl-, K+ and Cl-, as well as NH4+ and Cl- were 0.94, 0.90 and 0.84, respectively. Rainfall events affected the snowmelt initiation and provided an essential part of the discharge during the intense snowmelt period, which occurred from July 11 th to July 18 th 2008. Data showed that Na+ and K+ in the surface water derived from snowmelt rather than chemical weathering of silicates. Also, it was obtained that NO3- derived from the melting snowpack, whereas ammonification occurring under the snowpacks was the primary source for NH4+.  相似文献   

Drought as an agri-environmental determinant of irrigation land: the case of Bardenas (Spain)     

J.?CausapéEmail author  I.?Clavería 《Environmental Geology》2007,51(7):1213-1220

Irrigated agriculture is causing certain deterioration of the quality of rivers and aquifers. The objective of this study is to analyse the agri-environmental repercussions caused by climatic changes in a typical irrigated land in the Ebro valley (Spain). The irrigation efficiency and agri-environmental impact in a basin of irrigated land (95 ha) were compared for two hydrological years with different pluviometry [October 2000/September 2001 (526 mm/year) vs. October 2004/September 2005 (211 mm/year)]. For this end, water balances were carried out in every plot and the quantity and quality (salinity and nitrates) of the water circulating through the drainage of the basin were gauged. The results indicate that in 2004/2005 farmers adjusted the irrigation doses better on each irrigation occasion, thus diminishing the fraction of drainage of the same (50% vs. 31%) and increasing the consumptive water use efficiency (56% vs. 79%). Nevertheless, the drought of 2004/2005 determined inappropriate irrigation management as the crops suffered a greater hydric deficit (3% vs. 23%). In 2004/2005, drainage waters presented higher electric conductivity (0.92 dS/m vs. 0.94 dS/m) and smaller nitrate concentration (96 mg/l vs. 74 mg/l). Last year, 55, 54 and 65% less of water, salts and N–NO₃⁻, respectively, were exported in the drainage. The lesser environmental impact in the year 2004/2005 was influenced by more appropriate use of water and agrichemical resources. Nevertheless, it is necessary to continue optimizing agricultural practices, mainly irrigation and fertilization, in order to minimize nitrate pollution and to confront years of drought.  相似文献   

鲁中山丘区地下水硝酸盐污染状况研究     

谭志容  啜云香  王新华  赵季初 《地下水》2018,(5):59-61,66

地下水中硝酸盐污染是人们高度关注的问题,本文通过大量的水质测试分析资料,对位于鲁中山丘区的临朐县、沂源县、沂水县及莒县境内浅层地下水中硝酸盐污染状况进行了评价。评价结果显示,研究区浅层地下水中硝酸盐污染严重,硝酸盐含量(以氮计)大于20 mg/L的Ⅳ、Ⅴ类水水样占总水样的35.17%,Ⅳ、Ⅴ类水分布面积约2 655 km^2,占研究区总面积的33%左右。地下水中硝酸盐污染多呈面状分布特征,农业生产中化肥、有机肥的施用是引起地下水中硝酸盐含量升高的主要原因。  相似文献   

中国干旱内陆流域水体 N、P负荷特征与动态变化——以黑河流域为例   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

王根绪  程国栋  钱鞠  常娟 《地球科学进展》2003,18(3):338-344

以黑河流域中游地区为研究区域，通过11年在不同河流断面的长期监测和区域内各类水体如地下水、泉水、水库和河流的空间选点取样分析，研究了干旱内陆流域水体 N、P等植物营养元素的负荷与时空分布及动态变化特征。浅层地下水与河水中NO₃-N含量普遍较高，含量超过 1．1 m g／L，大部分平原水库水中NH₄-N含量超过 0．3 m g／L；河水与浅层地下水TP、NH₄-N与NO₃-N含量均呈现沿流域从出山口至下游的显著递增变化，同时还具有明显的随时间递增趋势，其中NH₄-N含量在河流出山口及下游断面平均年增加幅度分别为 0．11 m g／L和 0．114 m g／L；流域水体 N、P含量的季节变化明显，黑河流域春季及春夏之交的枯水期大部分河段NH₄-N、NO₃-N和TP等要素含量为全年最高并出现水质超标污染。控制干旱内陆流域水域尤其是枯水期的 N、P污染，应成为干旱内陆流域水资源保护问题中值得关注的关键内容。  相似文献   

Identification of nitrate sources in groundwater and potential impact on drinking water reservoir (Goczałkowice reservoir,Poland)     

《Physics and Chemistry of the Earth》2016

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High primary productivity and f-ratio in summer in the Ulleung basin of the East/Japan Sea     

《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2013

To better understand the cause of high summer primary productivity in the Ulleung Basin located in the southwest part of the East/Japan Sea, the spatial dynamics of primary, new, and regenerated productivities (PP, NP, and RP) were examined along the path of the Tsushima Warm Current system in summer 2008. We compared hydrographic and chemical parameters in the Ulleung Basin with those of the Kuroshio Current in the Western Pacific Ocean and the East China Sea. In summer, integrated primary productivity (IPP, 0.37–0.96 g C m⁻² d⁻¹) and integrated new productivity (INP, 26–221 mg N m⁻² d⁻¹) within the euphotic zone in the Ulleung Basin were higher than those in the East China Sea and the Western Pacific Ocean (0.17–0.28 g C m⁻² d⁻¹, 2−5 mg N m⁻² d⁻¹, respectively). In contrast, there was no pronounced spatial variation in integrated regenerated productivity (IRP, 43–824 mg N m⁻² d⁻¹). Strong positive correlations between IPP and INP (also the f-ratio), and between nitrate uptake rate in the mixed layer and nitrate upward flux through the top of pycnocline in summer in the Ulleung Basin imply that the high IPP was mainly supported by supply of nitrate from the underlying water in the euphotic zone. Shallowing of the pycnocline depth as the current enters the East/Japan Sea facilitates nitrate supply from the nutrient-replete cold water immediately below the pycnocline through nitrate upward flux. A subsurface maximum in PP at or above the pycnocline and a high f-ratio further support the importance of this source of nitrate for maintaining the high summer PP in the Ulleung Basin. In comparison, the high PP layer was observed at the surface in the following fall and spring in the Ulleung Basin. Our results demonstrate the importance of hydrographic features in enhancing PP in this oligotrophic Tsushima Warm Current system.  相似文献   

Responses of Ruderal Verbascum olympicum Boiss. (Scrophulariaceae) Growing under Cadmium Stress          下载免费PDF全文

Hülya Arslan  Gürcan Güleryüz  Ayşegül Akpınar  Serap Kırmızı  Ümran Seven Erdemir  Şeref Güçer 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2014,42(6):824-835

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基于光学传感器在南黄海硝酸盐调查中的使用初探     

潘俊  于非  任强  魏传杰  李靖 《海洋科学》2017,41(12):9-16

南黄海海域中营养物质影响生物地球化学循环过程,为了加强对此过程的机制与速率的认识,本文利用新型硝酸盐传感器(Submersible Ultraviolet Nitrate Analyzer,SUNA)在2016年5、6月开展南黄海硝酸盐调查,进行了实验室标定、现场调查及后续数据处理改进等工作。讨论了其在南黄海使用的可靠性,综合考虑了南黄海典型的温-盐结构特征及苏北浅滩的高浊度对SUNA测定结果的影响,较深入地分析了温度-盐度校正、浊度的影响等方面。测定结果表明,在实验海域中修正后的硝酸盐数据与采用国家标准的传统方法的同步观测结果具有良好的线性关系,相关性达到0.9以上,SUNA可在苏北浅滩等浊度较高的海域中使用。  相似文献