黄河源区玛多县沙漠化成因与发展过程     

姚正毅  李晓英  董治宝 《冰川冻土》2015,37(5):1245-1256

通过分析黄河源区玛多县沙漠化的成因和过程,结果表明,玛多县沙漠化成因类型有三种,分别为固定沙丘/古沙丘活化、滑塌陡坎及风蚀斑块,其形成都与多年冻土退化相关.在固定沙丘或古沙丘分布区,冻土退化导致热融沉陷,形成沉陷坑,沉陷坑边缘形成拉裂缝或陡坎,使下伏松散沙露出.在斜坡上,冻土退化形成滑塌陡坎,使底层土壤从侧面暴露.在平坦的冲积平原,差异性冻胀和融沉导致草皮拉裂,形成积水坑洼,冻土退化导致土壤变干,土壤的底层暴露.下伏风成沉积物暴露后,遭受风蚀,形成侧向凹槽,致使上部土体坍塌,使更多的风成沉积物暴露,这些过程的不断重复,使风蚀坑、陡坎、风蚀斑块扩大相连,最终形成流动沙丘、风蚀劣地、戈壁等地貌.  相似文献   

北阿尔金白尖山地区花岗闪长岩锆石U-Pb定年、Hf同位素组成及其地质意义   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

刘锦宏  刘良  盖永升  康磊  杨文强  廖小莹  杨敏 《地质学报》2017,91(5):1022-1038

白尖山花岗闪长岩位于北阿尔金红柳沟-拉配泉蛇绿混杂岩带东段,呈大套岩株状产出于拉配泉岩群之中。该花岗闪长岩具有较低的SiO_2含量(62.58%～65.05%),富CaO(4.02%～4.98%),铝饱和指数A/CNK1.0(0.89～0.98),富集K、Rb、Ba,亏损Nb、Ta、Zr、Ti,属于准铝质钙碱性岩石系列,具I型花岗岩的特征;其稀土元素∑REE=90.2～137.8μg/g,具有轻重稀土元素分馏明显,轻稀土元素相对富集的特点,具弱的Eu负异常(δEu_N=0.84～0.92)。该岩石变化范围较大的锆石Hf同位素组成(ε_(Hf)(t)=-2.96～7.99)可能与源区物质不充分的岩浆混染有关,结合地球化学特征及其与实验岩石学资料的对比,其形成应为洋壳俯冲时板片脱水诱发下地壳基性岩石部分熔融产生的初始岩浆结晶作用的产物,同时在岩浆侵位过程中还受到上地壳物质(杂砂岩等)的混染。锆石U-Pb年龄为475.2±2.0Ma,结合锆石CL图像具有岩浆环带特征和Th/U值(0.30～0.75),推断该年龄为花岗闪长岩的形成年龄。综合区域地质背景,本次研究的白尖山花岗闪长岩应为红柳沟-拉配泉蛇绿混杂岩带东部地区早古生代洋壳俯冲岛弧岩浆活动的组成部分,与西部红柳沟地区(恰什坎萨依及巴什考供盆地北缘)的花岗闪长岩和石英闪长岩共同构成北阿尔金早古生代洋壳俯冲产生的岛弧岩浆岩带。此外,由西到东红柳沟-拉配泉蛇绿混杂岩带的南北两侧均发育早古生代与洋壳俯冲有关的花岗质岩石,表明整个北阿尔金洋俯冲时期可能具有双向性。  相似文献   

Analysis of social vulnerability of residential community to hazards in Tianjin,China     

Lixin  Yi  Ke  Cheng  Xiaoying  Cao  Yueling  Sun  Xiaoqing  Cheng  Ye  He 《Natural Hazards》2017,85(2):1223-1248

Flood management consists many aspects such as hazard assessment, vulnerability assessment, exposure assessment, risk assessment, early warning system, damage assessment as well as risk mitigation planning. Conventional flood management are depending on the ground based monitoring of rainfall and river discharge. Many parts of the world are not covered by these sensor networks in one hand and these ground based systems are costly. Most of the tropical countries have high flood risk and low financial and institutional capacity to afford ground based system. While conventional flood management is time and cost intensive, spaceborne remote sensing provides timely and low-cost data in comparison to field observation, and is the obvious choice for most developing countries affected by flooding. Many aspects of flood management are being aided with the advancement of remote sensing technology. More precise and near real time flood detection, lead time in flood early warning system, accurate and advance inputs of hydrological models are now blessed by space technology. Many methods and approaches have been developed to overcome the constrains in the application of spaceborne remote sensing in flood management. Application of satellite remote sensing in flood hazard assessment is well documented, however, the application of space technology in other aspects of the flood management is also promising. Therefore, this review paper focuses on the applicability of spaceborne remote sensing and in most of the aspects in flood management.

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冻土区管土相互作用研究综述   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

黄龙  盛煜  胡晓莹  王生廷 《冰川冻土》2017,39(1):112-122

管道是长距离输送天然气或石油的最经济有效的工具之一,当管道穿越冻土区时,将面临土体冻胀融沉作用引起的管道弯曲变形和破坏,管土之间的相互作用为冻土区管道设计和运营的重要考虑因素。简述目前世界上主要的穿越冻土区管道工程（罗曼井管道、俄罗斯远东地区管道、美国阿拉斯加管道及中国寒区管道网）的设计理论发展,归纳总结了管土相互作用室内外相关试验、数值模拟分析理论和方法等方面的研究成果和发展现状,并针对冻土区管土相互作用的研究提出进一步的研究展望。  相似文献   

基于地貌分类的黄河源区多年冻土层地下冰储量估算          下载免费PDF全文

王生廷  盛煜  曹伟  李静  马帅  胡晓莹 《水科学进展》2017,28(6):801-810

地下冰作为多年冻土区别于其他土体的显著特征,对寒区水文、生态环境和工程建设等都有深刻影响。为准确估算多年冻土层地下冰储量,基于黄河源区地貌及其成因类型,结合岩性组成、含水率等105个钻孔的野外实测数据,估算了黄河源区多年冻土层3.0~10.0 m深度范围内地下冰储量,并讨论了浅层地下冰的空间分布特征。研究结果表明:黄河源区多年冻土层3.0~10.0 m深度范围内地下冰总储量为（49.62±17.95） km3,平均单位体积含冰量为（0.293±0.107） m3/m3;在水平方向上,湖积湖沼平原、冰缘作用丘陵等地貌单元含冰量较高,而侵蚀剥蚀台地、冲洪积平原等地貌单元含冰量较低;在垂向上,多年冻土上限附近含冰量较高,并随深度呈减小的趋势。  相似文献   

Social construction functions of consumption space under stratification: The case of Guangzhou     

Geng Lin  Lianjun Wang  Xiaoying Zhang 《中国地理科学(英文版)》2010,20(5):450-460

As Chinese cities rapidly transformed themselves into consumerist societies, the relationship between consumers and consumption space under stratification has become a new research area in the field of urban social geography. Based on a consumer behavior analysis, this study explores the relationship between consumption space and the social strata of consumers in typical shopping malls in Guangzhou where the first shopping mall in China was built. The result shows that shopping malls have performed significant constructive functions of organizing consumers from different social classes into different consumption space. For middle- and upper-class consumers, the function of shopping malls centers on utilitarian consumption, identity recognition, and identity construction; whereas for lower-class consumers, its function revolves around pleasure and enjoyment. The symbolism of consumption space is the underlying reason for shopping malls to have their social constructive function. The findings of this research suggest that: 1) a shopping mall is a productive consumption space and a geographical space with subjectivity; 2) the micro-location of a shopping mall has social construction function; and 3) symbolic consumption is the core of social construction.  相似文献   

Comparison of daily and sub-daily SWAT models for daily streamflow simulation in the Upper Huai River Basin of China     

Xiaoying Yang  Qun Liu  Yi He  Xingzhang Luo  Xiaoxiang Zhang 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2016,30(3):959-972

Despite the significant role of precipitation in the hydrological cycle, few studies have been conducted to evaluate the impacts of the temporal resolution of rainfall inputs on the performance of SWAT (soil and water assessment tool) models in large-sized river basins. In this study, both daily and hourly rainfall observations at 28 rainfall stations were used as inputs to SWAT for daily streamflow simulation in the Upper Huai River Basin. Study results have demonstrated that the SWAT model with hourly rainfall inputs performed better than the model with daily rainfall inputs in daily streamflow simulation, primarily due to its better capability of simulating peak flows during the flood season. The sub-daily SWAT model estimated that 58 % of streamflow was contributed by baseflow compared to 34 % estimated by the daily model. Using the future daily and 3-h precipitation projections under the RCP (Representative Concentration Pathways) 4.5 scenario as inputs, the sub-daily SWAT model predicted a larger amount of monthly maximum daily flow during the wet years than the daily model. The differences between the daily and sub-daily SWAT model simulation results indicated that temporal rainfall resolution could have much impact on the simulation of hydrological process, streamflow, and consequently pollutant transport by SWAT models. There is an imperative need for more studies to examine the effects of temporal rainfall resolution on the simulation of hydrological and water pollutant transport processes by SWAT in river basins of different environmental conditions.  相似文献   

中国中小尺度强对流天气气候学特征     

薛晓颖  任国玉  孙秀宝  任玉玉  余予 《气候与环境研究》2019,24(2):199-213

中小尺度强对流天气具有极强的破坏力,了解其气候学特征对于预测、预报和影响评价都具有实际意义。利用1961~2015年的2332个高密度逐月国家级气象站观测资料,分析了中国大陆3种常见中小尺度强对流天气（雷暴、闪电、冰雹）在年、季、月尺度上发生日数的时间变化规律和空间分布特征。结果表明:全国年平均雷暴、闪电和冰雹发生频率分别为39.23 d/a、20.56 d/a和1.07 d/a;雷暴和闪电主要发生在夏季3个月,雷暴日数7月最多,闪电日数8月最多;冰雹主要发生每年5~9月,6月发生频率最高;雷暴和闪电的高发区分布基本一致,主要集中在华南和西南,青藏高原也是雷暴的高发区域之一;冰雹的高发区主要集中在青藏高原、内蒙古高原东部以及中西部山地,而东南沿海地区发生频率则较低。进一步分析发现,我国雷暴和冰雹出现频率随海拔高度增加而明显增加,冰雹和海拔高度有更好的对应关系,二者增加速率分别为2.87 d/500 m和1.80 d/500 m,表明地势高度对这两种强对流天气形成和发展具有重要影响。  相似文献   

亚毫米波临边探测发展现状   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  

李小英  陈良富  苏林  张莹  陶金花 《遥感学报》2013,17(6):1325-1344

临边探测为中、高层大气探测,主要针对海拔约10—100 km的大气层进行观测,与垂直观测相比,具有更高的垂直分辨率。亚毫米波（0.1—1.0 mm或300 GHz—3 THz）临边探测对臭氧层的大气环保监控具有特殊的意义。本文分析比较了Odin/SMR、EOS AURA/MLS、JEM/SMILES、MASTER与SOPRANO这5个亚毫米波临边探测仪的特性,并介绍了亚毫米波临边探测大气反演系统中的正向模型与反向模型。亚毫米波临边探测器具有较高的光谱分辨率及较宽的波段宽度,其光谱分辨率能达到1 MHz甚至1 MHz以下,波段宽度能达到几个GHz。另外,大气中的许多分子在亚毫米波波段有特征吸收线,可以反演许多痕量气体垂直廓线。在亚毫米波临边探测下,可以获得氯族成分及BrO的廓线数据。HCl、ClO等氯族成分的反演误差可以小于10%,但BrO的反演误差达50%以上。亚毫米波临边探测的正向模型需要考虑云的多次散射;5个亚毫米波临边探测器的反演算法均采用基于高斯-牛顿或Levenberg-Marquardt迭代的最优反演算法。  相似文献   

导航卫星自主定轨时轨道机动问题的处理方法     

李征航  张卫星  龚晓颖  屈小川 《武汉大学学报(信息科学版)》2011,36(11):1309-1313

在各种摄动因素的作用下,导航卫星将逐渐偏离其预定轨道,因而需要通过轨道机动的方法来予以纠正。但轨道机动后,由预报轨道所提供的轨道先验信息将失去作用,这是用星间距离观测值和先验轨道信息进行导航卫星自主定轨时必须要解决的问题。提出机动后,机动卫星采用几何法来确定自己的位置,然后用动力学法来进行轨道拟合和轨道预报,在机动后第二天就能恢复正常的自主定轨。即使有多个卫星在同一天发生机动,个别卫星因可观测卫星不足4个而无法定轨,在第二天就能实现几何法定位,不会影响整个系统的导航定位功能。  相似文献