Concentration–discharge relationships reflect chemostatic characteristics of US catchments     

Sarah E. Godsey  James W. Kirchner  David W. Clow 《水文研究》2009,23(13):1844-1864

Concentration–discharge relationships have been widely used as clues to the hydrochemical processes that control runoff chemistry. Here we examine concentration–discharge relationships for solutes produced primarily by mineral weathering in 59 geochemically diverse US catchments. We show that these catchments exhibit nearly chemostatic behaviour; their stream concentrations of weathering products such as Ca, Mg, Na, and Si typically vary by factors of only 3 to 20 while discharge varies by several orders of magnitude. Similar patterns are observed at the inter‐annual time scale. This behaviour implies that solute concentrations in stream water are not determined by simple dilution of a fixed solute flux by a variable flux of water, and that rates of solute production and/or mobilization must be nearly proportional to water fluxes, both on storm and inter‐annual timescales. We compared these catchments' concentration–discharge relationships to the predictions of several simple hydrological and geochemical models. Most of these models can be forced to approximately fit the observed concentration–discharge relationships, but often only by assuming unrealistic or internally inconsistent parameter values. We propose a new model that also fits the data and may be more robust. We suggest possible tests of the new model for future studies. The relative stability of concentration under widely varying discharge may help make aquatic environments habitable. It also implies that fluxes of weathering solutes in streams, and thus fluxes of alkalinity to the oceans, are determined primarily by water fluxes. Thus, hydrology may be a major driver of the ocean‐alkalinity feedback regulating climate change. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Application of the SHETRAN basin‐scale,landslide sediment yield model to the Llobregat basin,Spanish Pyrenees     

James C. Bathurst  Aidan Burton  Barry G. Clarke  Francesc Gallart 《水文研究》2006,20(14):3119-3138

The first application of the SHETRAN basin‐scale, landslide erosion and sediment yield model is carried out for a major landsliding event in the upper 505 km² of the Llobregat basin, in the eastern Spanish Pyrenees, in November 1982. The model simulates the spatial distribution of shallow landslides and their sediment yield. Acknowledging uncertainty in the model parameter evaluation, the aim of the application was not to reproduce the observed occurrence of landslides as accurately as possible with one simulation, but to bracket the observed pattern with several simulations representing uncertainty in the key input conditions. Bounds on the landslide simulations were thus determined as a function of uncertainty in the vegetation root cohesion (used in the model factor of safety calculations). The resulting upper bound considerably overestimates the observed pattern (17 000 landslides compared with an observation of around 700), but it reproduces several of the principal clusters in the observed pattern. The lower bound contains around 500 landslides. The sediment yield estimates (2670–14 630 t km^?2) are comparable to measurements elsewhere in the Pyrenees for extreme events. The results demonstrate an ability to simulate the basin‐scale landslide response to a rainfall event and the resulting sediment yield. They also highlight the need for further research in setting the uncertainty bounds and in avoiding large overestimates of landslide occurrence arising in part from a current inability to model small‐scale controls for a basin of the given size. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

大尺度平原城市精细汇水区分级划分研究     

王岩  范子贤  李成名  戴昭鑫  吴政 《测绘通报》2021,(7):117-120,125

在城市内涝模拟研究中,汇水区划分是十分重要的环节,同时对大尺度平原城市进行汇水区精细划分也是研究者共同研究的技术难点。针对现有基于DEM流向分析的划分方法存在的无法正确反映实际城市复杂地形和流向问题,本文提出了一种顾及地类和流向,适用于大尺度平原城市的精细汇水区分级划分方法。首先,从城市自然地形和主干河流出发,进行一级宏观尺度划分;然后,依据城市主次干道,干渠和管网实现二级中观尺度划分;最后,在二级划分的基础上,结合流向和地类做精细的三级子汇水区微观尺度划分。本文选取东营市30 km²核心主城区进行了验证分析,研究结果表明,划分结果跟实际地物类型和真实流向相吻合,该方法对于大尺度平原城市具有良好的适用性。  相似文献   

Intertidal sand‐dwelling Peracarid fauna of North Island,New Zealand     

A. A. Fincham 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(4):677-696

Abstract

Substrate and infauna samples were taken at four tidal levels (mean high water springs, high mid beach, low mid beach, and mean low water neaps) with a 0.0625 m² quadrat at 14 North Island beaches in New Zealand. The distributions of Peracarida (Crustacea) were correlated with sediment type, tidal height, and degree of exposure; sampling began in March 1972 and was completed in November 1973.

Substrate samples were sieved and median diameter of the particles ranged from very coarse sand of — 0.60? to very fine sand of + 3.259?. Substrates were variously sorted: ? quartile deviation ranged from 0.14? to 0.66?, skewness from ‐ 0.08? to + 0.07?.

Peracarid fauna was moderately abundant; the maximum value was 720 animals per square metre on a fully exposed beach. Highest average abundance (303 per square metre) for the 14 beaches was recorded from the mean low water neap station. Amphipoda was the dominant group (54% of all Peracarida recorded), followed by Isopoda (33%) and Cumacea (13%). Frequency of occurrence at the 56 stations was headed by Amphipoda (64%), followed by Isopoda (46%), and Cumacea (20%).

The results are compared with data from Stewart Island beaches, and the biogeographical distributions of recorded Peracarida are discussed. An unexpectedly high degree of endemism exists for a warm‐temperate region, caused by the isolation of New Zealand, which has no direct shallow water contact with tropical or cold temperate regions.  相似文献   

Distribution and Forming Model of Fluvial Terrace in the Huangshui Catchment and its Tectonic Indication     

WANG Xianyan  LU Huayu  Jef Vandenberghe  CHEN Zhongyan  LI Langpin 《《地质学报》英文版》2010,84(2):415-423

<正>The Huang Shui River,a main tributary of the Yellow River,crosses a series of tectonically subsided and uplifted areas that show different patterns of terrace formation.The distribution of fluvial terrace of the Huang Shui River is studied through topographic and sedimentologic terrace mapping.Three terraces in the Haiyan Basin,four terraces in the Huangyuan Basin,19 terraces in the Xi'ning Basin(the four high terraces may belong to another river),nine terraces in the Ping'an Basin, five terraces in the Ledu Basin and 12 terraces in the Minhe Basin are recognized.Sedimentology research shows that the geomorphologic and sedimentological pattern of the Huang Shui River,which is located at the margin of Tibet,are different from that of the rivers at other regions.The formation process of the terrace is more complicated at the Huang Shui catchment:both accumulation terrace and erosion terrace were formed in each basin and accumulation terraces were developed in some basins when erosion terraces were formed in other basins,indicating fluvial aggradation may occur in some basins simultaneously with river incision in other basins.A conceptual model of the formation process of these two kinds of fluvial terraces at Huang Shui catchment is brought forward in this paper.First,the equilibrium state of the river is broken because of climatic change and/or tectonic movement,and the river incises in all basins in the whole catchment until reaching a new equilibrium state.Then,the downstream basin subsides quickly and the equilibrium state is broken again,and the river incises at upstream basins while the river accumulates at the subsidence basin quickly until approaching a new equilibrium state again.Finally,the river incises in the whole catchment because of climatic change and/or tectonic movement and the accumulation terrace is formed at the subsidence basin while the erosion terrace is formed at other basins.The existence of the accumulation terrace implied the tectonic subsidence in the sub-basins in Huang Shui catchment.These tectonic subsidence movements gradually developed from the downstream Minhe Basin to the upstream Huangyuan Basin.Dating the terrace sequence has potential to uncover the relationship between the subsidence in the catchment and the regional tectonic at the northeastern Tibetan Plateau.  相似文献   

实时交通数据支持下的医疗服务时空可达性分析     

徐皓  乔庆华  李艳红  陈国岭  刘佳  甘霖 《测绘通报》2023,(1):113-119

针对现有城市医疗服务可达性分析方法未考虑就医偏好,导致测算结果与居民实际感受相差较大的问题,本文提出了一种顾及时间和距离成本偏好的医疗服务时空可达性分析方法,并以武汉市中心城区为例进行了分析。试验结果表明,研究方法充分利用交通路况,兼顾了交通距离和通行时间对就医选择的影响,距离偏好在新方法中作用显著。该方法一方面可以体现不同时刻可达性差异,另一方面又强调了居民就医的时间和距离成本偏好,相比单一的时间或距离成本更具优势,分析结果更符合现实。  相似文献   

四川自然重砂异常特征及其成矿潜力响应     

贺洋  徐韬  文辉 《地质通报》2014,33(12):2005-2010

在自然重砂数据库系统(ZSAPS2.0)平台下,通过对四川省1∶20万自然重砂测量数据中的全省自然重砂矿物进行整理、统计和分析,开展了四川省自然重砂异常圈定及异常区带划分。结合四川省矿产资源潜力评价工作相关信息认为,自然重砂异常在矿产预测中具有一定的指示作用,部分具有较好的成矿潜力,所划分的自然重砂异常可作为全省开展相应矿种找矿工作部署的综合信息之一,可为省级找矿预测提供指导性信息。  相似文献   

西江枯季径流退水系数与流域特征关系研究          下载免费PDF全文

葛永学  江涛  梁楚坚  王秀丽  董向 《水文》2014,34(1):72-77

文章采用基于遗传算法的经典退水曲线对西江上游主要站点枯季日平均流量进行研究,所率定的退水系数经验证精度较好,能够反映所在流域的径流特性。通过退水系数与流域面积、下垫面性质、植被覆盖度、多年平均径流深等流域特征关系的分析,发现退水系数值(1)对降雨和蒸散发的变化不敏感,整体上随流域面积和植被覆盖度的增加而减小;(2)随地形高差和下垫面透水性的下降而减小;(3)对喀斯特岩溶地貌尤其敏感,表现为退水系数值较非岩溶地区偏大;(4)随多年平均径流深的增大而增大,二者具有指数函数关系。退水系数与流域特征因子的这些规律,可为无资料流域水文预报提供思考和借鉴。  相似文献   

基于学籍地址和地理编码的乡村小学教育资源空间可达性分析     

张艳林  李敏  刘宇文  李佳  侯钰婧 《地理科学》2022,42(6):993-1004

基于“学籍信息中的家庭地址承载了学生空间位置”这一假设,通过学籍信息收集了湖南省株洲县小学生的家庭地址,借助高德开放平台提供的地理编码和POI搜索服务,获得到了株洲县小学生的空间位置和分布,并基于最短路径分析和高斯型两步移动搜索法分析了株洲县小学教育资源的空间可达性及其特征,尝试为区域教育资源的空间均衡性分析与规划配置提供新的数据源和方法借鉴。结果表明：① 基于学籍地址和地理编码技术能够较准确地获取株洲县小学生的空间分布。② 株洲县小学生就近入学距离的最大值、平均值和中位数分别为11.83 km、2.10 km和1.81 km,就近入学距离小于2.0 km的学生仅占55.46%,为株洲县兼顾公平和效率的教育资源配置工作带来了挑战。③ 株洲县北部城镇地区因学校数量较多,平均就近入学距离较小,教育资源的空间可达性普遍较高,且空间差异小,均衡性好;而东南部的乡村地区,平均就近入学距离较大,教育资源的空间可达性普遍较低,且空间差异大。④ 基于情景分析,在不造成局地生源稳定性问题的前提下,新增3所学校后,东南部地区的平均就近入学距离和教育资源的空间可达性有很大的改善,龙潭镇和龙门镇的平均入学距离由3784 m和3520 m降低到3116 m和2636 m,教育资源的空间可达性分别由0.0492和0.0982提高到0.0762和0.1496。  相似文献   

免灌人工梭梭林生长与土壤水分变化的耦合关系          下载免费PDF全文

朱家龙  周智彬  王立生  吕平  姜咏雪 《干旱区地理》2022,45(5):1579-1590

为了研究古尔班通古特沙漠荒漠-绿洲过渡带区域龟裂土立地条件下免灌人工梭梭林生态特征,探讨林分的最佳建植密度,对莫索湾1983—2021年38 a集水造林地初始种植梭梭、梭梭自然更新苗及不同坡位的土壤水分进行了调查,研究了梭梭生长对密度差异的响应,同时分析了各林地土壤水分的变化特征,探讨了梭梭生长与土壤水分的关系,以期为人工梭梭林的营建与可持续性提供科学依据。结果表明：（1） 当梭梭造林密度为6 m×3.5 m时（480 株·hm^-2）,母树存活率最高。随造林密度增大,母树保存率与梭梭自然更新比逐渐下降;母树保留密度越大的林地,其长势越差、生物量越低;盖度、郁闭度越高的林地,阻碍浅层土壤水分的补给,导致梭梭更新苗长势及生物量越差。（2） 梭梭母树的林木生长与其根部140~280 cm深度土壤含水量之间均呈显著负相关（P<0.05）,且主要利用根部140~240 cm土壤水分,对比3个林地可知该层土壤水分含量越高的林地,其母树的长势越好、生物量越高。（3） 当母树保留密度为360株·hm^-2（株行距4 m×7 m）时,梭梭长势较好、整体生物量最高,林下植被更为丰富,林地土壤水分条件相对较好。综上所述,在该地区进行集水造林时,保持该密度更有利于免灌人工梭梭林结构稳定、持续发挥防风固沙效益。  相似文献