Photoelastic and numerical investigation of stress distributions around fault models under biaxial compressive loading conditions     

Ghislain de Joussineau  Jean-Pierre Petit  Bertrand D. M. Gauthier 《Tectonophysics》2003,363(1-2):19-43

This paper presents the results of a photoelastic and numerical study of stress distributions (contours and trajectories) around fault models of various geometries, submitted to a biaxial compressive load. It aims to describe typical biaxial stress behaviours and emphasize the existing differences with the well-known uniaxial compressive load case. Stress trajectories are sometimes shown by joint sets acting as markers of a paleostress field, and they can be interpreted by particular shallow tension–compression situations. At depth fractures can be reactivated, or can dilate under conditions of triaxial compression, and behaviour is essentially controlled by a high stress ratio (high σ₃/σ₁ ratio). In spite of the potential importance of such stress states on fracture permeability and fluid flow, and although they are frequently found at depth in a reservoir context, such stress conditions are poorly investigated, particularly in terms of stress perturbations.The presented analogue experiments consisted of compression tests done on polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) plates; this material has mechanical properties comparable to those of brittle rocks in the upper crust, and presents birefringence. The samples contained open defects acting as faults, and the stress trajectories around these faults were investigated using a photoelastic device. Comparable numerical experiments were realised with a finite-element code (Franc 2D), using frictionless fault models.First, the effect of an increasing biaxial compressive load ratio σ₃/σ₁ on stress trajectories around an isolated open defect was explored. It was shown that the stress trajectories were drastically modified when σ₃/σ₁ increased from 0.2 to 0.4, this result being consistent with previous studies. In particular, when σ₃/σ₁ was superior or equal to 0.4, external isotropic points around where trajectories diverged (called repulsive isotropic points) appeared near the tips, but away from the defects. They tended to move away from the defects towards the main load direction when σ₃/σ₁ increased. The described isotropic points were points of stress trajectory divergence, i.e. points where stress decreased, implying that zones around them were strongly unfavourable to shear reactivation.Second, stress trajectories around fault models of various geometries (oblique isolated defect, dilational jog, compressive jog, and complex patterns) were studied, the applied biaxial compressive load ratio being 0.7. These biaxial stress trajectories were compared with similar uniaxial stress trajectories in order to explore the existing differences between the two regimes. It enabled new stress trajectory geometries to be described and interpreted. In particular, numerous external repulsive isotropic points were observed, and defect tips were shown to be zones of high convergence of stress trajectories. Furthermore, in contrast to the uniaxial compressive load case, stress trajectories and stress contours were geometrically similar within dilational and compressive jogs under biaxial compressive load. For both jog types, the centre of the overlapping zone, and the areas along the wall of a jog-defining fault and facing the overlapping tip of the other fault, proved to be zones of low mean stress, implying that fluids may migrate towards them from the tips of the faults, in response to mean stress gradients. Furthermore, the centre of the jogs exhibiting a high differential stress was a favourable area in terms of fracture reactivation, which may facilitate fluids transfer and storage.It was also observed that for both the uniaxial and biaxial compressive loads, isotropic zones were localised at the acute angle between branching defects.  相似文献   

有序标记与气象等值线的自动填充和隐藏          下载免费PDF全文

冯建设  薛晓萍  李鸿怡  陈辰  张继波 《山东气象》2018,38(1):82-90

气象要素等值线分析是气象业务与服务不可或缺的手段,依据等值线自动填充的色斑图广泛应用于各类气象要素场的空间分析。等值线自动填充最关键的环节是确定区域属性值和排序,不可避免地要进行格点与区域、区域与区域之间的包含关系判别,通常需要反复遍历格点数组和创建临时区域,占用内存较多,影响运行效率。文中基于有序标记,巧妙地运用位置关系替代传统的包含关系判别,显著降低了区域属性值确定与排序的难度和复杂度。对于离散的气象要素场,密集的等值线不仅没有实际意义,而且影响空间分布的直观效果,文中基于同一网格边上等值点的有序标记,提出一种自动隐藏部分密集等值线的方法,有效改善了离散场空间分布特征的直观效果。  相似文献   

分区绘制等值线的地下水污染质分布   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

鲍新华  周祖昊  洪梅  张博  鲍硕超  才文韬 《世界地质》2011,30(1):51-55

使用ArcGIS 在不同水文地质分区中绘制等值线的方法,对长春市2004 年50 个水质采样点的数据进行空间统计分析,分区绘制了地下水重要组分NH+ 4 和Fe、Mn 的单项评价等值线图,分析了其分布及来源。结果表明,采用按水文地质条件分区绘制等值线的方法比原来由观测数据直接生成等值线的方法更趋合理。  相似文献   

Environmental contours using copulas     

《Applied Ocean Research》2015

A procedure is proposed for constructing environmental contours using copula theory. Copulas are functions that define the multivariate probability distribution of a random vector or a set of random variables, and, thus, also determine their dependence structure. Constructing environmental contours requires knowledge of the joint probability distribution of the environmental variables. In many practical applications, the available statistical data is used to estimate the marginal distributions and the linear correlation matrix, and then the Nataf distribution model is employed to obtain the multivariate probability distribution. It turns out that such an approach implies a particular model of dependence structure defined by a Gaussian copula, which might not always be the appropriate one. In this work, some classes of bivariate copulas are considered for modeling the dependence structure of the environmental variables. We examine measures of association, rank-based methods for estimation of copulas, goodness of fit tests for copulas, and copula selection criteria, and apply them to metocean data from hindcasts of tropical storms and extra-tropical events in the Gulf of Mexico. A formulation is proposed for expressing the variates that define the environmental contours as functions of copulas. It is then applied for computing environmental contours of significant wave height, peak spectral period and wind velocity using the estimated copula models.  相似文献   

Site effects and soil-structure interaction in the valley of Mexico     

Javier Avilés  Luis E. Pérez-Rocha 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》1998,17(1):29-39

An engineering approach is proposed for representing both site effects and soil-structure interaction in extended alluvial valleys, by using the one-dimensional model of shear were propagation corrected empirically to account for lateral heterogeneities and generated surface waves. The peak structural response is expressed by means of spectral contours that are a function of the predominant period of the site and the fundamental period of the structure. Variations of the peak spectral ordinates with the prevailing site period can be deduced from these contours. A number of events of firm ground, representative of the most dangerous earthquakes expected in Mexico City, are assumed as design earthquakes. Making use of the resulting spectral contours, the provisions for site effects recommended in the Mexican seismic code are evaluated. Also, considering as control motion the 1985 Michoacan earthquake recorded at a representative firm site, spectral contours with soil-structure interaction are obtained which allow one to identify the significant interaction effects originating in the Valley of Mexico for medium- and long-period structures. The influence and relative importance of the critical parameters involved are examined within practical ranges of interest.  相似文献   

新型格网DEM等高线生成技术与方法   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

王春  李虎  杨军生  杨灿灿 《地球信息科学学报》2015,17(2):160-165

以格网DEM数据为基础,生成具有良好保凸性、光滑性、平顺性特征的高质量等高线,已逐渐成为制作等高线图的重点。鉴于现有技术方法在沟道、山脊等地形变化部位生成的等高线中存在生硬、相交、异常闭合等问题,本文以黄土丘陵1:5万不同格网分辨率DEM为例,采用对比分析方法,建立了基于DEM格网加密技术的高质量等高线生成方法。实验表明：（1）采用以4×4 DEM格网单元为搜索圆的完全规则样条函数插值法,以可视化时图面0.1 mm的实际距离为加密DEM的格网分辨率值,对DEM格网进行加密处理后生成的等高线具有更为理想的保凸性、光滑性和平顺性特征;（2）对于已知综合尺度的地形,存在最优DEM格网分辨率阈值,若要高质量地再现原始等高线,则实际DEM格网分辨率不得低于最优DEM格网分辨率阈值。  相似文献   

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郑兵  王双洪  苏琴  李菲菲 《大地测量与地球动力学》2012,32(6):37-40

??2011??4??ˉ??Ms5.3??11????-????Ms5.4????????????????????????о????????????????????仯??????????-????????-????????????????????????????????????-??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????  相似文献   

土坡有限元稳定分析若干问题探讨   总被引：40，自引：5，他引：35  

史恒通  王成华 《岩土力学》2000,21(2):152-155

详细探讨了用有限元方法分析土坡稳定所遇到的问题及处理方法 ,主要包括: 有限元前后处理 ;有限元计算范围及网格划分对计算结果的影响 ;安全系数的定义 ;最危险滑动圆心位置及临界滑动面的形状等问题。  相似文献   

基于等高线的表面估计滤波方法          下载免费PDF全文

任自珍 《遥感学报》2009,13(1)

提出一种基于等高线的滤波方法,它先由LIDAR数据生成数字表面模型,并内插出等高线,再根据DSM等高线的特征,如闭合性、首尾点距离、等高线的长度及等高线间距离等,通过设定阈值自动提取出属于自然地面的等高线线段,以获得初始的自然地面点,然后内插生成初始数字地面模型,最后使用迭代逼近法生成最终的(精确的)数字地面模型,即比较初始DTM与DSM,差值小于预设阈值的点视为DTM点,而差值大于预设阈值的点则标记为无数据点,最后,这些无数据点由选择的DTM点内插出.通过与现有表面估计的滤波方法的对比实验以及所提取地物轮廓线与航片的叠加对比试验,证明新方法可适用于地表起伏较大的地形,地物提取精度高、计算量小、效率高.  相似文献