Airborne and lidar measurements of aerosol and cloud particles in the troposphere over Alert Canada in April 1986     

W. R. Leaitch  R. M. Hoff  J. I. MacPherson 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1989,9(1-3):187-211

As a component of the Canadian Arctic Haze Study, held coincident with the second Arctic Gas and Aerosol Sampling Program (AGASP II), vertical profiles of aerosol size distribution (0.17 m), light scattering parameters and cloud particle concentrations were obtained with an instrumented aircraft and ground-based lidar system during April 1986 at Alert. Northwest Territories. Average aerosol number concentrations range from about 200 cm^–3 over the Arctic ice cap to about 100 cm^–3 at 6 km. The aerosol size spectrum is virtually free of giant or coarse aerosol particles, and does not vary significantly with altitude. Most of the aerosol volume is concentrated in the 0.17–0.50 m size range, and the aerosol number concentration is found to be a good surrogate for the SO₄ ⁼ concentration of the Arctic haze aerosol. Comparison of the aircraft and lidar data show that, when iced crystal scattering is excluded, the aerosol light scattering coefficient and the lidar backscattering coefficient are proportional to the Arctic haze aerosol concentration. Ratios of scattering to backscattering, scattering to aerosol number concentration, and backscattering to aerosol number concentration are 15.3 steradians, 1.1×10^–13 m², and 4.8×10^–15 m² sr^–1, respectively. Aerosol scattering coefficients calculated from the measured size distributions using Mie scattering agree well with measured values. The calculations indicate the aerosol absorption optical depth over 6 km to range between 0.011 and 0.018. The presence of small numbers of ice crystals (10–20 crystals 1^–1 measured) increased light scattering by over a factor of ten.  相似文献   

超声速气流成冰率和冰晶形成机制          下载免费PDF全文

黄世鸿  李如祥  钱昌国 《气象学报》1993,51(2):177-183

在温度为0—12℃并悬浮有雾滴的冷箱中测量了超声速气流的成冰率ρ_(io)结果表明,在马赫数1.1—1.84和总压小于6个大气压范围,ρ_1介于10~(12)-10~(12)g~(-1)。结果还表明,ρ_2随马赫数和总压增大以及环境温度降低而缓慢增加。这些结果与超声速气流膨胀理论所表明的规律相一致。 对冰晶形成机制分析表明,超声速气流中的水汽均质核化(凝结-冻结)是产生冰晶的主要过程。本文指出,超声速气流用于飞机人工影响天气具有价廉、无污染、简便和长距离作业等优点。根据实验提供的数据,发展一种新的人工影响天气新技术是可能的。  相似文献   

不同环境温度下冰云粒子的单次散射参量          下载免费PDF全文

杨平  蔡启铭  蒋兴安 《大气科学》1993,17(4):477-488

本文提出了直接Stokes参量变换的射线追踪方案,优化了作者过去建立的求解六角冰晶粒子散射的射线追踪模式.在冰晶有吸收(折射指数为复数)的情况下,新模式采用了有效折射指数处理粒子内的非单色折射波.其次,新模式还引入了有效单次散射参量,消除了来自几何透射线的前向δ散射效应.最后,根据不同环境温度下的冰云中冰晶粒子的粒径谱分布,本文计算了粒径谱积分平均的3D随机取向六角冰晶粒子的单次散射参量.文中给出的冰晶粒子单次散射参量的数值,对研究冰云辐射特性将有一定参考价值.  相似文献   

渤海和北极海冰组构及晶体结构特征分析   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

李志军  康建成  蒲毅彬 《海洋学报》2003,25(6):48-53

渤海一年冰的组构和晶体结构表现出的冰的非连续生长速率使得冰层底部具有气泡含量不同的许多分层;静水生长的灰冰具有典型的粒状冰和柱状冰;融化-重冻结冰和重叠冰具有特定的晶体结构.位于北冰洋72°24.037'N,153°33.994'W,长2.2m的冰心样为三年冰,并且发现其内有一种新的晶体类型,定义为碎屑凝聚冰.由位于北冰洋74°58.614'N,160°31.830'W,长4.86m的冰心样的晶体结构分析发现它过去为冰脊,后经融化-冻结改造形成冰丘的证据.  相似文献   

Temperature dependence of the polarized electronic absorption spectra of olivines. Part II—Cobalt-containing olivines     

K.?Ullrich  O.?Ott  K.?Langer  K. D.?BeckerEmail author 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2004,31(4):247-260

Polarized electronic absorption spectra of single crystalline Co₂[SiO₄] and (Co_0.64Mg_0.36)₂[SiO₄] (E|| a (|| Z), E || b (|| X), E || c (|| Y)) have been studied in the temperature range 293 T/K 1273. The three polarized spectra show a total of 15 bands. Five bands are caused by spin-allowed transitions in Co²⁺ ions at M1 sites which appear in all polarization directions. Seven polarization-dependent bands can be ascribed to spin-allowed transitions in Co²⁺ ions at M2 sites and three bands may be assigned to spin-forbidden transitions. The assignment of bands due to Co²⁺ ions at M1 and M2 sites has been made on the basis of transition energies and intensity ratios. Further arguments have been derived from the comparison of spectra of crystals with different cobalt content, from the analysis of the polarization dependence of the spectra, and from the evolution of band intensities with temperature.  相似文献   

Thermal transformations in laser-heated chloritized annite     

C.?VitiEmail author  G. Di?Vincenzo  M.?Mellini 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2004,31(2):92-101

Chloritized annite from the Irizar granite has been used for laser-heating experiments, following the procedures used for ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar dating (heating steps in the 600–1080 °C temperature range). Four runs, at different temperatures, have been characterized using transmission electron microscopy, electron diffraction, micro-Raman and micro-IR spectroscopies. The water loss was evaluated by thermogravimetry. The chlorite domains break down first forming (001) amorphous layers, that later coalesce to rounded, equant inclusions and finally recrystallize to olivine and spinels plus silica glass. These phases occur within negative crystals hosted in ordered dehydrated annite, produced by dehydration and annealing of the starting annite. Dehydrated annite, olivine and spinels display topotactic relationships, determined by the common orientation of closely packed oxygen layers.  相似文献