Teacher''s Aide: Geologic Characteristics of Hole-Effect Variograms Calculated from Lithology-Indicator Variables     

Thomas A. Jones  Yuan Z. Ma 《Mathematical Geology》2001,33(5):615-629

Variograms calculated from binary variables, such as from two lithologies, tend to show sinusoidal forms with decreasing amplitudes for increasing lag distances. This cyclicity is observed often when analyzing drill-hole data for rock sequences with alternating lithologies, and the variograms are thus labeled hole-effect variograms. Such variograms show a variety of forms: (1) Low to moderate variation in lithologic-body dimensions causes variograms to have strong cyclicity with decaying amplitude. (2) Variograms with one or more peaks and troughs usually result from a binary variable for which lithologies are about equally abundant but possibly large variations exist in the size of lithologic bodies. (3) Variograms show poor cyclicity if one lithology has highly variable body sizes and the other has moderately variable body dimensions. (4) Variograms that attain a plateau at short lag distances represent extremely high or low sandstone fraction, high variability in size of the most abundant lithology, and low variability in the other. Information about the dimensions of lithologic bodies makes it possible to approximate characteristics of the variogram of the lithology variable without numerous wells. Conversely, a hole-effect variogram of lithology may be used to estimate lithologic dimensions.  相似文献   

在AutoCAD中实现三维地层模拟的一种方法     

董云飞 《山西地震》2005,(3):3-5,16

以地层等高线和地质柱状图为建模基础信息,采用曲面样条函数进行插值计算地质曲面,并对AutoCAD进行二次开发,将二维抽象的等高线信息以三维可视化的图形效果在AutoCAD的图形窗口中直观形象地表示出来,为开采和规划决策提供依据.此方法可使煤矿主采区域、城市活断层探测以三维地层显示,对煤矿行业,地震活断层研究有一定的参考价值.  相似文献   

基于FLAC^3D的超长大直径钢管桩竖向承载特性模拟     

张明远  黎生南  彭文韬  宋华珠 《岩土力学》2011,32(9):2856-2860

近年来,超长大直径钢管桩在工程中的应用已越来越多,但对其承载特性的研究却很少,设计中仍然参考普通桩的计算理论。本文采用三维连续介质快速拉格朗日法(FLAC3D)对实际工程中一超长大直径开口钢管桩试桩的竖向承载特性及沉降特性进行了数值模拟分析,并将模拟结果与静载荷竖向承载特性试验实测结果进行了对比,两者相互补充和相互验证,取得了比较一致的结果,表明了本文所编制的有限差分程序用以初步模拟分析超长大直径钢管桩承载特性的可行性。研究结果表明:超长大直径钢管桩是典型的端承摩擦型桩;桩侧摩阻力随深度的变化很复杂,其变化与土性密切相关;桩身轴力向下传递的速度与桩侧摩阻力在不同土层中的发挥程度息息相关。这些结论对实际工程中超长大直径钢管桩基础的设计具有参考意义。  相似文献   

Fractal Characteristics of Coal Pores Based on Classic Geometry and Thermodynamics Models     

CAI Yidong  LIU Dameng  YAO Yanbin  LI Junqian  LIU Junlai 《《地质学报》英文版》2011,85(5):1150-1162

To better understand the characteristics of coal pores and their influence on coal reservoirs, coal pores in eight main coalfields of North China were analyzed by mercury porosimetry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Fractal characteristics of coal pores (size distribution and structure) were researched using two fractal models: classic geometry and thermodynamics. These two models establish the relationship between fractal dimensions and coal pores characteristics. New results include: (1) SEM imaging and fractal analysis show that coal reservoirs generally have very high heterogeneity; (2) coal pore structures have fractal characteristics and fractal dimensions characteristic of pore structures are controlled by the composition (e.g., ash, moisture, volatile component) and pore parameters (e.g., pore diameter, micro pores content) of coals; (3) the fractal dimensions (D1 and D2) of coal pores have good correlations with the heterogeneity of coal pore structures. Larger fractal dimensions correlate to higher heterogeneity of pore structures. The fractal dimensions (D1 and D2) have strong negative linear correlations with the sorted coefficient of coals (R2=0.719 and 0.639, respectively) that shows the heterogeneity of coal pores; (4) fractal dimension D1 and petrologic permeability of coals have a strong negative exponential correlation (R2=0.82). However, fractal dimension D2 and petrologic permeability of coals have no obvious correlation; and (5) the model of classic geometry is more accurate for fractal characterization of coal pores in coal reservoirs than that of thermodynamics by optimization.  相似文献   

土质边坡空间临界滑动面搜索的优化算法   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

李同录  王刘华  张常亮  李萍 《地球科学与环境学报》2011,(3):300-305

将二维均质土坡作为平面应变问题,假定滑动面是一个圆弧,将滑弧圆心与半径转变为后缘剪入点、坡脚剪出点和过后缘点滑弧切线与x轴的交点等3个点的横坐标,然后以这3个参数为变量,给定合理的取值区间,应用黄金分割法搜索二维边坡的最小稳定系数及相应的临界滑动面。进一步假定均质土坡的三维空间滑动面为一旋转椭球体,旋转椭球体的竖向中轴面和二维的圆弧面一致,给定椭球体不同的水平轴半径值,采用以上二维滑动面搜索方法可求出不同水平半径所对应的三维最小稳定系数及相应的椭球面。结果表明:边坡的三维稳定系数没有极小值,但有极限值;对于横向延伸长的无限边坡,三维稳定系数逼近二维稳定系数,当旋转椭球长轴与短轴之比大于3时,二者很接近,边坡稳定性可简化为二维来分析;对于受地形、地下水等条件约束的短边坡,三维效应明显,在考虑实际边界条件的情况下按三维来分析。  相似文献   

相接双星大熊座AW的基本参量     

刘清耀  杨毓兰  张运林  王毕 《中国天文和天体物理学报》1990,(1)

根据作者提出的确定食双星基本参量的一个新方法,由光变极小时刻求出了相接双星大熊座AW的基本参量。证实了Rensing等人为了矫正相接双星邻近效应引起的谱线轮廓畸变所提出的模型对该双星的适用性;同时也证实了Mochnaski提出的计算相接双星质量的理论模型对该双星的适用性。另外还确认了大熊座AW是一个已演化的零龄相接双星。  相似文献   

Chondrule size and related physical properties: A compilation and evaluation of current data across all meteorite groups     

《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2015,75(4):419-443

The examination of the physical properties of chondrules has generally received less emphasis than other properties of meteorites such as their mineralogy, petrology, and chemical and isotopic compositions. Among the various physical properties of chondrules, chondrule size is especially important for the classification of chondrites into chemical groups, since each chemical group possesses a distinct size-frequency distribution of chondrules. Knowledge of the physical properties of chondrules is also vital for the development of astrophysical models for chondrule formation, and for understanding how to utilize asteroidal resources in space exploration. To examine our current knowledge of chondrule sizes, we have compiled and provide commentary on available chondrule dimension literature data. We include all chondrite chemical groups as well as the acapulcoite primitive achondrites, some of which contain relict chondrules. We also compile and review current literature data for other astrophysically-relevant physical properties (chondrule mass and density). Finally, we briefly examine some additional physical aspects of chondrules such as the frequencies of compound and “cratered” chondrules. A purpose of this compilation is to provide a useful resource for meteoriticists and astrophysicists alike.  相似文献   

Three-dimensional Extension of the Unit-Feature Spatial Classification Method for Cloud Type   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

ZHANG Chengwei  YU Fan  WANG Chenxi  YANG Jianyu 《大气科学进展》2011,28(3):601-611

We describe how the Unit-Feature Spatial Classification Method(UFSCM) can be used operationally to classify cloud types in satellite imagery efficiently and conveniently.By using a combination of Interactive Data Language(IDL) and Visual C++(VC) code in combination to extend the technique in three dimensions(3-D),this paper provides an efficient method to implement interactive computer visualization of the 3-D discrimination matrix modification,so as to deal with the bi-spectral limitations of traditional two dimensional(2-D) UFSCM.The case study of cloud-type classification based on FY-2C satellite data (0600 UTC 18 and 0000 UTC 10 September 2007) is conducted by comparison with ground station data, and indicates that 3-D UFSCM makes more use of the pattern recognition information in multi-spectral imagery,resulting in more reasonable results and an improvement over the 2-D method.  相似文献   

Are Fractal Dimensions of the Spatial Distribution of Mineral Deposits Meaningful?   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Gary L. Raines 《Natural Resources Research》2008,17(2):87-97

It has been proposed that the spatial distribution of mineral deposits is bifractal. An implication of this property is that the number of deposits in a permissive area is a function of the shape of the area. This is because the fractal density functions of deposits are dependent on the distance from known deposits. A long thin permissive area with most of the deposits in one end, such as the Alaskan porphyry permissive area, has a major portion of the area far from known deposits and consequently a low density of deposits associated with most of the permissive area. On the other hand, a more equi-dimensioned permissive area, such as the Arizona porphyry permissive area, has a more uniform density of deposits. Another implication of the fractal distribution is that the Poisson assumption typically used for estimating deposit numbers is invalid. Based on datasets of mineral deposits classified by type as inputs, the distributions of many different deposit types are found to have characteristically two fractal dimensions over separate non-overlapping spatial scales in the range of 5–1000 km. In particular, one typically observes a local dimension at spatial scales less than 30–60 km, and a regional dimension at larger spatial scales. The deposit type, geologic setting, and sample size influence the fractal dimensions. The consequence of the geologic setting can be diminished by using deposits classified by type. The crossover point between the two fractal domains is proportional to the median size of the deposit type. A plot of the crossover points for porphyry copper deposits from different geologic domains against median deposit sizes defines linear relationships and identifies regions that are significantly underexplored. Plots of the fractal dimension can also be used to define density functions from which the number of undiscovered deposits can be estimated. This density function is only dependent on the distribution of deposits and is independent of the definition of the permissive area. Density functions for porphyry copper deposits appear to be significantly different for regions in the Andes, Mexico, United States, and western Canada. Consequently, depending on which regional density function is used, quite different estimates of numbers of undiscovered deposits can be obtained. These fractal properties suggest that geologic studies based on mapping at scales of 1:24,000 to 1:100,000 may not recognize processes that are important in the formation of mineral deposits at scales larger than the crossover points at 30–60 km.  相似文献   

An efficient methodology for simulating earthquake‐induced 3D pounding of buildings          下载免费PDF全文

Panayiotis C. Polycarpou  Loizos Papaloizou  Petros Komodromos 《地震工程与结构动力学》2014,43(7):985-1003

The current paper presents an efficient methodology for numerically simulating in three dimensions adjacent buildings that may experience pounding during strong earthquakes. In particular, a new approach to the numerical problem of spatial impact modeling that does not require the ‘a priori’ determination of the contact points is presented, taking also into account the geometry at the vicinity of an impact. In the current study, the buildings are simulated as linear multi‐degree‐of‐freedom‐systems, but the methodology can be easily extended to consider nonlinear behavior as well. A software application has been specifically developed to implement the proposed methodology, using modern object‐oriented design and programming. The developed software is utilized in a simple example, and the computed results are compared with the corresponding analysis results obtained from a commercial general‐purpose software application that uses typical contact elements for the simulation of impacts. A discussion follows on the advantages and capabilities of the proposed methodology and the developed software. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献