磁学方法在环境污染研究中的应用   总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12  

闫海涛  胡守云  朱育新 《地球科学进展》2004,19(2):230-236

环境磁学方法问世20多年来，因其快速、灵敏、经济、无破坏性和信息量大的特点，在环境研究中得到广泛的应用。磁学方法可用于传统的污染分析技术（化学）之前的预研究，而后者一般耗费大量人力、物力和时间；它也可以作为环境污染评估的代用指标。近年来，随着世界环境污染问题的日益严重和倍受关注，磁学方法被广泛地应用于环境污染研究。欧洲环境磁学专家在重建污染历史、监测现代环境污染、追踪与分离污染源等方面，开展了大量的工作，并积累了一定的经验。介绍了磁学方法用于污染研究的显著特点、主要用途、野外工作方法以及相关仪器；展示了在大气、土壤、潮滩、河流、湖泊以及海洋等不同环境系统中，利用磁手段研究污染的成果和最新进展；对 于一些难点、热点问题，如磁性机理的研究、多源污染的分离、强烈多变的人类活动对获取有意义磁讯号的影响等，做了相应的分析和总结。  相似文献   

云南会泽超大型铅锌矿床成因研究中的几个问题   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

黄智龙  李文博  张振亮  韩润生  陈进 《矿物学报》2004,24(2):105-111

位于川-滇-黔铅锌多金属成矿域中南部云南会泽超大型铅锌矿床可能是一种新的铅锌矿床类型，该类铅锌矿床明显特征是规模大、品位富、伴生有用元素多，暗示其成矿环境较为特殊。从成矿时代、成矿物质来源、成矿流体来源与演化，以及峨眉山玄武岩与成矿的关系等方面分析了会泽超大型铅锌矿床的研究进展及国内外研究现状，认为矿床成矿时代与西南大面积峨眉山玄武岩成矿时代相近，成矿物质和成矿流体具有“多源性”，成矿流体存在均一化过程，区域大规模流体运移在该区铅锌成矿过程中具有重要意义，峨眉山玄武岩岩浆活动与铅锌成矿具有密切的成因联系，矿床可能为“均一化成矿流体贯入成矿”的产物。  相似文献   

The use of heavy metal concentrations and dendrochronology in the reconstruction of sediment accumulation, Ma a Panew River Valley, southern Poland     

Dariusz Ciszewski  Ireneusz Malik 《Geomorphology》2004,58(1-4):161-174

Heavy metal concentrations were investigated in overbank sediments of the Mala Panew River, southern Poland. Samples were collected from seven vertical profiles located within channel infills of a 20th century floodplain at three sites, each up to 50 m wide. In each profile, 15–24 samples were collected and analysed for Ba, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn. Sequential extraction of these elements was carried out in the 0.063-mm fraction of selected samples. Additionally, the age of the oldest trees growing close to the profiles has been used to estimate the initiation of sediment accumulation there. Ba, Cu, and Pb, which occur mostly in less mobile, moderately reducible, and residual fractions, were used for sediment dating. Zn and Cd, which in 50–75% occur in the mobile exchangeable fraction, were not suitable for dating. Correlation of Ba, Cu, and Pb concentrations in vertical profiles with changes in the load of effluents discharged to the river showed abrupt changes in the thickness of the strongly polluted sediments across the floodplains. A comparison of the relative changes between heavy metal peaks in sediments of similar age in the different profiles suggests a variable rate of downward metal migration. In general, none of the heavy metals investigated seems to have been mobilised within the stratigraphic layers above the water table. In layers located at stratigraphically lower levels, the Zn and Cd peaks seem to migrate several centimetres to several decimetres down in the profile. In profiles inundated for several weeks every year, Zn and Cd, as well as the relatively less mobile Ba, Cu, and Pb, have migrated downward by several decimetres. The investigation shows that frequent fluctuations of the water table have blurred the original depositional metal patterns of metal concentrations within a period of less than 40 years.  相似文献   

Distribution of trace metals in the Odra River system: Water–suspended matter–sediments     

Edeltrauda Helios Rybicka  Ewa Adamiec  Urszula Aleksander-Kwaterczak 《Limnologica》2005,35(3):185-198

Extensive investigations of trace metals concentrations in water, suspended particulate matter (SPM) and bottom sediments of the whole Odra River system were carried out over the years 1997–2000. The vertical distribution of selected metals and their mobility were also studied in the sediment cores from upper and middle river sections. Significant levels of metal contamination were found. Median concentrations (Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn and As) in the SPM and sediments were (mg kg⁻¹) 7.1 and 8.9 Cd, 128 and 146 Pb, 81 and 119 Cu, 1198 and 1204 Zn, 48 and 54 As, respectively. The highest metal pollution of the Odra River solids was found with cadmium, zinc, lead and arsenic, showing high similarity in their frequency distributions in both SPM and sediments. Cd, Zn and As appear to be of particular concern because of the high levels, that appear to be bioavailable, and their high mobility. The exchangeable and carbonate chemical forms of Cd and Zn reached up to 50% of their total amount. Besides the determination of total metal concentration, the metal chemical forms in river solids were investigated. The results of very wide studies of the Odra River system through 4 years suggest that metal pollution decreased, especially for Zn, Pb and Cu. Among all metals studied in the Odra River sediments, substantial reductions of Cd contamination were observed neither in the period after ’97 flood, nor if compared with the earlier results obtained before ’97. No essential differences of the metal contents were observed among the samples for the same river compartment, from the same locality, taken within the five sampling campaigns. The pattern of spatial and vertical metal distributions in the river solids indicates that a variety of sources might be responsible for the contamination; very intensive, historical and current mining and smelting activities probably are the most important ones.  相似文献   

Sorption of Eu~(3+) onto nano-size silica-water interfaces     

HU Ping    YIN Xiulan  ZHAO Linghu & LI Dien . Department of Earth Sciences  China University of Geosciences  Wuhan  China  . Northeastern Illinois University  Chicago  IL  USA  . China Institute of Geo-Environmental Monitoring  Beijing  China  . Division of Chemistry  Los Alamos National Laboratory  Los Alamos  NM  USA 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2005,48(11)

A large amount of nuclear wastes has been pro-duced due to nuclear weapon development and nuclear electricity generation. One possible resolution for the disposal of the nuclear wastes is to seal them in an underground repository, which requires detailed knowledge on the mobility, chemical behavior and immobilization of radionuclides in underground water. In addition, toxic heavy metals are extensively present in ground and underground water, how to immobilize and remedy these toxic heavy meta…  相似文献   

Temperature and pH Dependence of Some Metals Leaching from Fly Ash of Municipal Solid Waste     

Lallan Prasad Gupta    Hodaka Kawahata    Mio Takeuchi  Hidekazu Ohta  Yoshiro Ono 《Resource Geology》2005,55(4):357-372

Abstract. Municipal solid waste combustion leads to concentration of various metals in the solid residue (fly ash) remaining after combustion. These metals pose serious environmental hazard and require proper handling and monitoring in order to control their harmful effects. Leachability of some metals from fly ash was examined in fly ash and Milli-Q water mixture (liquid-to-solid ratio, 100) under various temperature and pH conditions in the laboratory. The leaching experiments conducted for 24 hours showed that pH was generally more important than temperature in controlling the amount of metals leached out of the fly ash. However, at a given pH, rise in temperature led to different degree of (usually one to two fold) enhanced or reduced leaching of metals. Owing to amphoteric nature of oxides of Al, Cr, Pb and Zn, these metals often yielded typical pattern of increase and decrease in their concentrations with change in pH. The extent of leaching of Cr and Pb in our experiments suggests that decrease of pH to acidic range in the case of Pb and to neutral to acidic range for Cr over a long period of storage of fly ash at solid waste dumping site may facilitate leaching of these metals from fly ash, leading to contamination of groundwater to the level that exceeds beyond the level permitted by the environmental laws.  相似文献   

Correlation between magnetic susceptibility and heavy metals in urban topsoil: a case study from the city of Xuzhou, China   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

Xue Song WANG  Yong QIN 《Environmental Geology》2005,49(1):10-18

Anthropogenic influence, mainly due to urban and industrial activities and traffic exhaust, may affect urban topsoil via atmospheric contamination and solid waste. Magnetic susceptibility measurements were conducted on 21 urban topsoil samples from the city of Xuzhou, China. High intensities of magnetic susceptibility were detected in the majority of the samples. SEM analysis shows that magnetic minerals are in the form of spherules and mainly due to anthropogenic inputs. The heavy metals Pb, Cu, Zn, Se, Sc, Mo, Fe, and Bi show strong correlations with magnetic susceptibility, and Ag, Ba, Cd, Ni, Cr, Sb, and Sn, on the other hand, show a weak correlation with magnetic susceptibility. Whereas, of these metals studied, only Hg has no significant correlation with the susceptibility. The Tomlinson pollution load index (PLI) also shows significant correlation with the susceptibility (χ). The present study shows that magnetic susceptibility is a fast, inexpensive, and non-destructive method for the detection and mapping of contaminated soils.  相似文献   

Environmental pollution impact on water and sediments of Kumaun lakes, Lesser Himalaya, India: a comparative study     

Brijraj K. Das 《Environmental Geology》2005,49(2):230-239

A study of the water and sediment chemistry of the Nainital, Bhimtal, Naukuchiyatal and Sattal Lakes of Kumaun, has shown that the water of these lakes are alkaline and that electrical conductivity, total dissolved solid and bicarbonate HCO ₃ ⁻ are much higher in Nainital than in the other three lakes. The weathering of limestone lithology and anthropogenic pollution, the latter due to the very high density of population in the Nainital valley, are the primary sources of enhanced parameters. The low pH of Nainital Lake water is due to low photosynthesis and enhanced respiration, increasing CO₂ in the water and the consequent enhancement of Ca²⁺ and HCO ₃ ⁻ . The dissolved oxygen in Nainital Lake is less compared to other lakes, indicating anoxic conditions developing at the mud–water interface at depth. The PO ₄ ³⁻ content in Nainital is higher (124 μg/l), showing an increasing trend over time leading to eutrophic conditions. The trace metals (Cu, Co, Zn, Ni, Mn, and Sr) are present in greater amounts in the water of Nainital Lake than in the other three lakes, though Fe and Cr are high in Bhimtal and Fe in Naukuchiyatal. The higher abundance is derived from the leaching of Fe–Mg from metavolcanic and metabasic rocks. Most of the heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Cu, Mn, Fe, Sr, and Zn) significantly enrich the suspended sediments of the lakes compared to the bed sediments which due to their adsorption on finer particles and owing to multiple hydroxide coating and organic content, except for Fe, which is enriched in the bed sediments. The high rate of sedimentation, 11.5 mm/year in Nainital, compared to Bhimtal with 4.70 mm/year, Naukuchiyatal with 3.72 mm/year, and Sattal with 2.99 mm/year, has resulted in shorter residence time, poor sorting of grains, and lesser adsorption of heavy metals, leading consequently, their depletion in the bed sediments of Nainital Lake.  相似文献   

Water pollution in gold mining industry: a case study in Roşia Montană district, Romania     

R. M. Florea  A. I. Stoica  G. E. Baiulescu  P. Capotă 《Environmental Geology》2005,48(8):1132-1136

The preliminary study of streams and rivers from the Roşia Montană area revealed that the concntration of heavy metals— Cd, Mn, Cu, Pb, and Zn—are above accepted limits. The gold extraction method is based on flotation. The most important pollution sources are mine tailings. The determinations were performed for samples collected in: April 2004, July 2004, September 2004, November 2004, February 2005 and May 2005. The highest concentrations were found for cadmium in September 2004: 0.17 mg/L; for copper in September 2004: 1.38 mg/L; for manganese in July 2004: 239.4 mg/L; for lead in May 2005: 0.54 mg/L; and for zinc in September 2004: 35.37 mg/L;. This study involved three small rivers (streams) that flow into the Mureş River and finally into the Danube River, having a great impact on human health and environmental stability in the area. In May 2005, a sample of drinking water from the mining district was also collected.  相似文献   

Present environment and historic changes from the record of lake sediments, Dhaka City, Bangladesh   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Faruque Ahmed  M. Hawa Bibi  M. Hussain Monsur  Hiroaki Ishiga 《Environmental Geology》2005,48(1):25-36

Changes in the urban environment of Dhaka City have been evaluated from the geochemical compositions of bottom sediments from two lakes, Gulshan-1 and –2. Abundances of Pb, Zn, Fe₂O₃ and total sulfur in a Gulshan-1 core gradually increase toward the sediment–water interface. Three stages of condition change can be recognized in Gulshan-1, based on trace metal concentration patterns. The basal Stage I corresponds to background Dhaka sedimentation, whereas gradual increase in Stage II represents the beginning of pollution. Marked increases in Pb and Zn in Stage III reflect rapid urban development and increased emissions to the atmosphere. The condition of the Dhaka environment is compared to that of Japan based on Zn–Fe₂O₃ and Pb–Fe₂O₃ relations. Zn–Fe₂O₃ ratios in Stage I Dhaka sediments are similar to normal Japanese sediments, whereas Stage II data lie on the same trend as Japan urban sediments. Dhaka Stage III samples have greater Zn:Fe₂O₃ ratios than Japanese urban sediments, suggesting Zn pollution from poorly-controlled industrial sources. In contrast, the Dhaka Pb–Fe₂O₃ trend lies between normal and urban Japanese sediments. Although vehicle emissions in Dhaka are now significant, the data suggest that Pb pollution from this source remains in its early stages.  相似文献