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Hiroshi Imanaka Bishun N. Khare Emma L.O. Bakes Dale P. Cruikshank Takafumi Matsui 《Icarus》2004,168(2):344-366
Titan, the largest satellite of Saturn, has a thick nitrogen/methane atmosphere with a thick global organic haze. A laboratory analogue of Titan's haze, called tholin, was formed in an inductively coupled plasma from nitrogen/methane=90/10 gas mixture at various pressures ranging from 13 to 2300 Pa. Chemical and optical properties of the resulting tholin depend on the deposition pressure in cold plasma. Structural analyses by IR and UV/VIS spectroscopy, microprobe laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry, and Raman spectroscopy suggest that larger amounts of aromatic ring structures with larger cluster size are formed at lower pressures (13 and 26 Pa) than at higher pressures (160 and 2300 Pa). Nitrogen is more likely to incorporate into carbon networks in tholins formed at lower pressures, while nitrogen is bonded as terminal groups at higher pressures. Elemental analysis reveals that the carbon/nitrogen ratio in tholins increases from 1.5-2 at lower pressures to 3 at 2300 Pa. The increase in the aromatic compounds and the decrease in C/N ratio in tholin formed at low pressures indicate the presence of the nitrogen-containing polycyclic aromatic compounds in tholin formed at low pressures. Tholin formed at high pressure (2300 Pa) consists of a polymer-like branched chain structure terminated with CH3, NH2, and CN with few aromatic compounds. Reddish-brown tholin films formed at low pressures (13-26 Pa) shows stronger absorptions (almost 10 times larger k-value) in the UV/VIS range than the yellowish tholin films formed at high pressures (160 and 2300 Pa). The tholins formed at low pressures may be better representations of Titan's haze than those formed at high pressures, because the optical properties of tholin formed at low pressures agree well with that of Khare et al. (1984a, Icarus 60, 127-137), which have been shown to account for Titan's observed geometric albedo. Thus, the nitrogen-containing polycyclic aromatic compounds we find in tholin formed at low pressure may be present in Titan's haze. These aromatic compounds may have a significant influence on the thermal structure and complex organic chemistry in Titan's atmosphere, because they are efficient absorbers of UV radiation and efficient charge exchange intermediaries. Our results also indicate that the haze layers at various altitudes might have different chemical and optical properties. 相似文献
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We have developed a coupled general circulation model of Titan's atmosphere in which the aerosol haze is treated with a microphysical model and is advected by the winds. The radiative transfer accounts for the non uniform haze distribution and, in turn, drives the dynamics. We analyze the GCM results, especially focusing on the difference between a uniform haze layer and a haze layer coupled to the dynamics. In the coupled simulation the aerosols tend to accumulate at the poles, at latitudes higher than ±60°. During winter, aerosols strongly radiate at thermal infrared wavelengths enhancing the cooling rate near the pole. Since this tends to increase the latitudinal gradients of temperature the direct effect of this cooling excess, in contrast to the uncoupled haze case, is to increase the strength of the meridional cells as well as the strength of the zonal winds and profile. This is a positive feedback of the haze on dynamics. The coupled model reproduces observations about the state of the atmosphere better than the uniform haze model, and in addition, the northern polar hood and the detached haze are qualitatively reproduced. 相似文献
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西安市霾天气与清洁天气变化特征及影响因素分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用2006-2012年西安市污染物质量浓度、气象站逐时地面风场、相对湿度和能见度等资料,依据霾天气的定义统计理论霾日数,对比人工观测霾日与判据统计理论霾日的合理性,通过对霾天气与清洁天气过程的气象条件分析,分析西安市霾天气与清洁天气过程的变化特征及影响因素。结果表明：2006-2012年西安市霾天气过程在干季发生频率较高,湿季发生较少。地面风场对霾天气过程影响较大,绝大部分霾天气过程的日平均风速＜1.5 m·s-1;干季大部分霾天气过程日平均风速≤1.0 m·s-1,极端个例甚至在0.5 m·s-1以下。清洁天气过程在干季发生次数多于湿季,主要与干季风速较大和湿度较小相关。 相似文献
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利用2007—2015年北京市大兴观象台、28个道面自动气象站、部分区域自动气象站等多种台站观测资料分析了2007—2015年北京地区能见度的时空变化特征。结果表明:2007—2015年北京地区春季平均能见度最高、夏季平均能见度最低,夏季及年平均能见度呈显著增加的趋势,春季和秋季能见度均呈波动增加,冬季颗粒物浓度的显著增加致使北京地区冬季能见度下降的时段集中在2011—2014年;空间上,北京西北地区能见度明显高于中心城区和东南大部地区。秋季和冬季能见度的空间分布特征与年平均能见度的分布特征较一致,表现为能见度自西北向东南方向逐渐递减;与能见度相关性最高的为相对湿度、颗粒物浓度、风向及风速,但不同要素在月、季和年尺度上的相关性差别较大;根据天气现象统计表明,近10 a来北京地区雾、霾、沙尘日均呈增加的趋势,但是山区与城区气象站点低能见度事件的发生频次存在较大的差异。整体来看,小于10 km能见度事件的发生频次在全区以增加为主,而小于1 km能见度事件的发生频次在全区以减少为主。此外,近10 a来北京地区干霾的发生频率为44. 29%,湿霾的发生频率为7. 13%,低能见度事件多由干霾造成,但湿霾发生时,能见度恶化的更明显。 相似文献
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利用MODIS、OMI和CALIPSO卫星资料,结合地面环境监测数据、气象观测数据和后向轨迹模式（Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model,HYSPLIT）,对汾渭平原2018年11月23日至12月6日沙尘和人为混合空气污染过程进行分析。结果表明：11月26日至12月3日为污染最重时段,其中12月1日为霾最重时段,11月26日夜间和12月2日夜间为沙尘影响最重时段;西安、临汾和洛阳重污染持续时长分别为66 h、42 h和37 h;污染过程累计持续336 h,其中199 h的相对湿度超过50%,沙尘期间,相对湿度较小;霾过程中,西安以本地积累和西南、东北方向的外来传输作用为主,临汾以本地积累为主,洛阳以东北方向的外来传输作用为主;西安、洛阳沙尘传输方向分别为西南和西北方向,临汾受沙尘传输影响较小。霾天气时,气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）高值空间分布受地形影响较大,吸收性气溶胶指数（AAI）较低,集中在距地面1.5 km高度内污染物最多,低层以污染沙尘为主;沙尘天气时,AOD和AAI值很高,分别可达2.0和4.5以上,集中在边界层内污染物最少,低层以沙漠沙尘为主;霾沙混合天气时集中在边界层内污染物居中,低层以沙漠沙尘和污染沙尘为主。HYSPLIT显示,前一次沙尘来源于新疆,传输距离更远,高度更高,速度更快,后一次沙尘来源于内蒙古西部,在汾渭平原造成污染更重。 相似文献
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Public concerns about environmental problems create narrative structures that influence policy by allocating roles of blame, responsibility, and appropriate behavior. This paper presents an analysis of public concerns about transboundary haze resulting from forest fires in Indonesia, Singapore, and Malaysia for crises experienced in 1997, 2005 and 2013. The source of the information is content analysis of 2231 articles from representative newspapers in each country. The study shows that newspaper reporting about haze has changed from a discussion of the potential health and economic impacts of fires resulting partly naturally from El Niño-induced droughts, toward an increasing vilification of Indonesia for not ratifying the 2002 Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution; plus criticism of Singaporean and Malaysian companies investing in palm oil plantations, and ASEAN. Attention to climate change and potential biodiversity loss linked to haze, however, remains low. The paper argues that newspaper analysis of public concerns, despite political influences on the press, offers insights into how public criticism is voiced in these countries, and how perceived responsibility for action is changing. 相似文献
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利用2010年南沙气象探测基地灰霾观测资料,采用灰霾数值预报系统对不同天气型灰霾过程进行数值模拟,研究珠三角地区空气污染的主要控制因子和主要污染成分及不同天气系统影响下各种排放源对珠三角地区的污染贡献。结果表明：灰霾数值预报模式模拟值与实测值趋势基本一致,除个别极值外,模拟结果能较好和定性的反应珠三角地区各污染物浓度变化,是适合珠三角地区的灰霾数值预报系统。在易出现灰霾月的变性高压入海型和不易出现灰霾月的热带气旋外围下沉气流控制时,各污染物浓度均较高,特别是PM10、PM2.5、元素碳EC（Elemental Carbon）、有机碳OC（Organic Carbon）和CO浓度尤其明显。在易出现灰霾月冷空气南下时和不易出现灰霾月无明显天气系统影响时,元素碳EC、有机碳OC和CO浓度较低,其他污染物浓度接近零。无论是否出现灰霾,相对于空气中的其他污染物,元素碳EC、有机碳OC和CO浓度均较高,说明在珠三角地区碳污染较重。 相似文献
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2014年,中国气象局将地面人工观测业务调整为自动仪器观测的方式,这一改变明显提高了工作效率,但对观测结果,特别是视程障碍类观测产生了一定的影响。为了完善内蒙古地区霾和沙尘天气判别标准,获得准确可信的气象资料,本文选取了2001-2019年内蒙古12个站点逐三小时的气象观测资料,从时空分布特征和判别方法研究了内蒙古地区沙尘和霾自动气象观测数据的可靠性和判别标准的适用性。结合PM2.5和PM10两个空气质量指数,通过修正错误记录,将沙尘中误判的霾和无天气、霾中误判的沙尘、雾和无天气等分离出来。对比结果来看,修正前,霾和沙尘分别占总频次的95%和5%；修正后,霾、沙尘、雾和无天气分别占总频次的55%、17%、1%、27%。对比呼和浩特单站一次沙尘和一次霾天气过程中气象要素和空气质量指数的连续变化可以看出,相对湿度与PM2.5的相关性均达到了0.5以上。沙尘期,能见度与PM10负相关,PM2.5和PM10相关性较差；而霾期,能见度与PM2.5和PM10的相关性较差,PM2.5和PM10相关性达到了0.8以上,即不同相对湿度环境下影响能见度的因素不同。 相似文献