In the Critical Zone: Geography at the U.S. Geological Survey     

William L. Graf 《The Professional geographer》2004,56(1):100-108

Geography is again becoming an integral part of the premier natural‐science agency of the federal government. Geographic research emphasizes the surface of the earth, a portion of the earth system that the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) defines as the “critical zone.” Although geography was part of the USGS from the creation of the agency, in recent years geography in the agency has largely been limited to topographic mapping. Recently, the USGS and an advisory committee of the National Research Council (NRC) reviewed the role of geography at the Survey. The committee's report, along with ongoing decision‐making in the federal government, is likely to reshape geography in the USGS. The newly defined USGS has a regional structure and four disciplines: geology, hydrology, biology, and geography. The NRC report emphasizes the need for the creation of a spatial database called the National Map to replace the existing series of paper topographic maps. The report also outlines the need for geographic research in geographic information science (GIScience), nature‐society connections, and bridging of science to decision‐making. The NRC report has been briefed throughout the USGS, in the federal executive branch, and in Congress. The changing role for geography in the USGS requires change in the agency culture, revised budgetary decisions, and the establishment of a long‐term core agenda for research. Academic geographers will need to prepare a new generation of geographers for participation in the USGS and similar agencies.  相似文献   

昆仑Ms 8.1地震前青藏块体北、东缘水平运动变形的关联特征   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

王双绪  张希  张晓亮 《中国地震》2005,21(1):41-49

青藏块体东北缘和川滇GPS监测区1991(1993)、1999和2001年高精度GPS观测资料揭示：2001年11月14日昆仑Ms8．1地震前，青藏块体北、东缘构造区域水平运动变形场动态演变具有一定的关联性特征。即：在继承性运动总体背景下，临近大震发生时两区域运动强度同步减弱且变形状态发生变化。结合地质构造分析研究认为，昆仑Ms8．1地震前，青藏块体边界运动变形的关联性变化与大震孕育后期大范围应力应变快速积累所形成的扰动应力场有关；随着块体内部大震的发生、应变能的大量释放和构造应力场的调整，可能会促使块体边界地带具有较高应变积累的相关构造部位(尤其是未被历史强震破裂贯通的地带)的应力应变的进一步积累或破裂释放。  相似文献   

云南沿边境地带生态环境3S监测、 评价与调控研究   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

齐清文  何大明  邹秀萍  姜莉莉  李晋 《地理科学进展》2005,24(2):1-12

本文利用全球新千年整体生态系统评估的理论，以云南省沿边境地带生态系统变化跨境生态安全为研究对象，探寻并揭示我国陆疆系统的跨境生态系统变化监测、评价和生态安全综合调控的基础理论与信息机理；进而研究基于“3S”云南沿边境地带的生态环境监测、评价与综合调控的方法和关键技术，包括方法和技术体系的建立、指标体系的建立、多尺度效应和尺度转换、数学模型的建立、综合调控模式和决策方案的建立等；在案例研究部分，建立了背景数据库，然后选择大、中、小尺度进行了全区生态环境现状评价，重点河道、典型路段和重点口岸的影响评价和预测预报研究，最后进行了综合调控模式和方案的探讨，并对研究结果进行了动态仿真和虚拟表达研究。  相似文献   

徐州市水土流失时空变化研究     

陈报章  渠俊峰  葛梦玉  沈艳文  王安妮  王国斌 《地球信息科学学报》2018,20(11):1622-1630

本文以3S技术为支撑,在修正水土流失方程（RUSLE）的基础上,针对徐州黄泛平原-丘陵地带的特殊地形地貌、对2000年以来徐州市水土流失时空变化特征进行了分析。结果表明：2000-2014年徐州市土壤侵蚀等级以微度为主,微度侵蚀面积占总侵蚀面积多年平均达到76.34%;中度侵蚀次之,所占比例在10%~17%间;剧烈侵蚀所占比例最少。轻度及以上土壤侵蚀等级主要发生在中部微山湖下游、京杭大运河一带的丘陵岗地地区、主城区与故黄河北岸的黄泛平原地区,以及丰县、新沂、邳州的局部区域;土壤侵蚀存在一定程度年际变化特征,睢宁、丰县、邳州的部分地区侵蚀面积年际变化较为明显,土壤侵蚀总面积整体上呈现下降趋势。  相似文献   

中国沿海常见蜑螺科贝类的DNA条形码   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

张晓洁  孔令锋  李琪 《海洋与湖沼》2018,49(3):614-623

DNA条形码不仅为物种鉴定提供了有效方法,而且也有助于分类学和生物多样性研究。本研究旨在探讨将COI和16S rRNA基因序列应用于中国沿海蜑螺科贝类物种鉴定的可行性,获得了该科3属7种贝类61个个体的COI和16S rRNA基因序列。基于COI基因序列的种内遗传距离为0.00—1.29%,平均为0.67%;属内种间遗传距离为4.62%—19.25%,平均为13.02%;基于16S rRNA基因序列的种内遗传距离为0.00%—0.48%,平均为0.23%;属内种间遗传距离为2.47%—8.48%,平均为6.37%。两种基因序列在所研究的蜑螺中,种内遗传差异均小于种间遗传差异,存在明显的条形码间隙,所有物种在系统发生树上都表现为独立的单系群。结果表明,线粒体COI和16S rRNA基因序列可以作为DNA条形码标准基因对蜑螺科贝类进行有效地物种鉴定。  相似文献   

基于线粒体COI和16S rRNA基因的中国沿海相手蟹系统发育研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

徐岩  潘红平  阎冰  高霆炜  吴斌  杨明柳 《海洋学报》2019,41(8):63-71

相手蟹科的诸多种类因其形态极其相似成为方蟹总科分类中疑问较多的一个类群。通过对中国沿海相手蟹线粒体COI和16S rRNA基因序列进行分子系统发育分析，结果表明14种相手蟹COI和16S rRNA基因序列之间差异分别为5.7%～14.5%和1.5%～12.1%，均达到了种间差异水平。构建的系统发育树显示，14种相手蟹分别为独立有效物种，但分属于拟相手蟹属和近相手蟹属的4种拟相手蟹和3种近相手蟹，没有分别形成2个独立的支系，而是混合聚成一大支系。而属于螳臂相手蟹属的无齿螳臂相手蟹则首先与属于中相手蟹属的中华中相手蟹聚成一支，再与红螯螳臂相手蟹聚为一大支，表现出与形态分类的不一致。错综复杂的分子系统关系预示着相手蟹类为多系起源，也表明它们之间的种间关系乃至于属间关系尚有诸多问题有待进一步厘定。  相似文献   

Molecular and morphometric characterisation of the invasive signal crayfish populations in Croatia     

《Limnologica》2017

The signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus (Dana, 1852) is a native species to North America. It was introduced to Europe and Japan where it rapidly spread as an invasive species. In Croatia, it is recorded in the rivers Mura and Drava, where it spread downstream from Slovenia, and in the Korana River, where it has been recently illegally introduced. In the invaded areas, signal crayfish outcompetes native crayfish species. Since the knowledge on the genetic diversity of this invasive species is limited, microsatellite markers and sequences of mitochondrial gene for 16S rRNA were analysed to explore the genetic relations between the two Croatian populations (Mura and Korana rivers) as well as their relation to other already studied European populations. Moreover, 16S rRNA sequence fragments of Croatian samples were compared with those from the native range in the west North America. Morphometric characteristics were also studied to determine if there are significant differences between studied populations and if these are concordant with the genetic analyses results. Also, morphometric data were used to assign Croatian signal crayfish into subspecies classification according to Miller’s discriminant function formula, and to compare claw surface area among Croatian, Japanese and North American populations. Based on the results of morphometric characteristics Croatian samples showed Pacifastacus leniusculus leniusculus-like morphology. Phylogenetic reconstruction based on 16S rRNA, positioned Croatian samples into P. leniusculus sensu Larson et al. (2012). Results on microsatellite markers showed that the genetic diversity of P. leniusculus in the Mura River population is slightly higher compared to the Korana River population, but these two populations do not form separated genetic clusters. This study contributes to the knowledge on genetic variability and morphometric characteristics of signal crayfish in Europe and further understanding of its success as an invasive species.  相似文献   

利用3S技术及三维激光扫描仪进行耕地损毁勘测     

林学艺 《测绘与空间地理信息》2016,(2):88-90

利用RS技术发现耕地损毁,网络RTK测量耕地损毁范围及面积,GIS提取耕地被损毁前的分类面积和等别,以及利用网络RTK配合Maptek I-Site8810三维激光扫描仪重构损毁耕地三维模型。  相似文献   

湘西合仁坪金矿床硫、铅同位素地球化学   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

邓穆昆  彭建堂  胡诗倩  李玉坤  张婷 《矿床地质》2016,35(5):953-965

湘西柳林汊一带广泛分布钠长石_石英脉型金矿,合仁坪金矿床是其典型代表。文章对合仁坪金矿床的硫、铅同位素进行了研究,并与区域石英脉型金矿床进行对比,探讨了该矿的成矿物质来源,并初步确定了其矿床成因。研究表明,合仁坪金矿床硫化物的δ34S值范围较窄(-4.8‰~4.4‰),平均为-0.6‰,该矿床的硫为深源硫,由深部变质流体带入;铅的同位素组成较均一,并表现出明显的造山带铅的特点。结合区域成矿作用,进一步研究揭示,合仁坪金矿床为一典型的造山型金矿,其成矿可能与湘西雪峰山地区加里东期的造山作用有关。  相似文献   

广东大降坪硫(铅锌)矿床岩浆热液叠加作用——来自闪锌矿Rb-Sr年龄及硫同位素的证据   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

赵海杰  余长发  韩心巧  郑伟 《矿床地质》2016,35(4):795-808

广东大降坪硫(铅锌)矿床位于与岩浆作用有关的大绀山多金属矿田的中部,主矿体为赋存在震旦纪变质岩中的层状、透镜状黄铁矿矿体,最近在两个不同产状的黄铁矿矿体下部又新发现了脉状及层状铅锌矿体。文章通过对铅锌矿体的年龄及硫同位素研究,探讨其与主矿体的成因关系,获得了脉状铅锌矿体中闪锌矿的Rb-Sr等时线年龄为(88.5±3.9)Ma,即晚白垩世,与上部黄铁矿矿体的年龄(约630 Ma)相差较大,而与整个大绀山多金属矿田的成矿作用时限一致。三种不同产状的矿体硫同位素组成差异明显:层状黄铁矿矿体富集硫的轻同位素(δ34S=-10.90‰~-25.55‰),且与围岩的硫同位素范围一致,说明硫来自生物的细菌还原硫;透镜状黄铁矿矿体δ34S组成范围较宽(-9.38‰~22.69‰),具多源性硫的特征;铅锌矿体的δ34S在-7.1‰~6.4‰之间变化,硫可能来自深源岩浆,并受围岩成分混染。多方面的证据表明,大降坪黄铁矿矿体下部的铅锌矿体形成于晚白垩世的岩浆热液成矿作用,透镜状黄铁矿矿体受到岩浆热液的叠加。  相似文献