Phonon density of states in iron at high pressures and high temperatures     

G. ?ShenEmail author  W. ?Sturhahn  E. E. ?Alph  J. ?Zhao  T. S. ?Tollenner  V. B. ?Prakapenka  Y. ?Meng  H.-R. ?Mao 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2004,31(6):353-359

The phonon density of states (DOS) in iron has been measured in situ by nuclear resonance inelastic X-ray scattering (NRIXS) at high pressures and high temperatures in a resistively heated diamond anvil cell. The DOS data provide a variety of thermodynamic and elastic parameters essential for characterizing iron at depth in the Earth interior, such as average sound velocity, Debye temperature, atomic mean square displacement, average kinetic energy, vibrational entropy and specific heat. The NRIXS data were collected at 6, 20, and 29 GPa and at temperatures up to 920 K. Temperatures were directly determined from the measured spectra by the ratio of intensities of the phonon creation/annihilation side bands that are determined only by the Boltzmann factor. The change of the DOS caused by the structural transition from -Fe to -Fe is small and not resolvable within the experimental precision. However, the phonon energies in -Fe are clearly shifted to lower values with respect to - and -Fe. The temperature dependence of derived thermodynamic parameters is presented and compared with those obtained by Debyes model. The Debye temperatures that best describe the data decrease slightly with increasing temperature.  相似文献   

Kimberlite-hosted diamond deposits of southern Africa: A review   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Matthew Field  Johann Stiefenhofer  Jock Robey  Stephan Kurszlaukis 《Ore Geology Reviews》2008,34(1-2):33

Following the discovery of diamonds in river deposits in central South Africa in the mid nineteenth century, it was at Kimberley where the volcanic origin of diamonds was first recognized. These volcanic rocks, that were named “kimberlite”, were to become the corner stone of the economic and industrial development of southern Africa. Following the discoveries at Kimberley, even more valuable deposits were discovered in South Africa and Botswana in particular, but also in Lesotho, Swaziland and Zimbabwe.A century of study of kimberlites, and the diamonds and other mantle-derived rocks they contain, has furthered the understanding of the processes that occurred within the sub-continental lithosphere and in particular the formation of diamonds. The formation of kimberlite-hosted diamond deposits is a long-lived and complex series of processes that first involved the growth of diamonds in the mantle, and later their removal and transport to the earth's surface by kimberlite magmas. Dating of inclusions in diamonds showed that diamond growth occurred several times over geological time. Many diamonds are of Archaean age and many of these are peridotitic in character, but suites of younger Proterozoic diamonds have also been recognized in various southern African mines. These younger ages correspond with ages of major tectono-thermal events that are recognized in crustal rocks of the sub-continent. Most of these diamonds had eclogitic, websteritic or lherzolitic protoliths.In southern Africa, kimberlite eruptions occurred as discrete events several times during the geological record, including the Early and Middle Proterozoic, the Cambrian, the Permian, the Jurassic and the Cretaceous. Apart from the Early Proterozoic (Kuruman) kimberlites, all of the other events have produced deposits that have been mined. It should however be noted that only about 1% of the kimberlites that have been discovered have been successfully exploited.In this paper, 34 kimberlite mines are reviewed with regard to their geology, mantle xenolith, xenocryst and diamond characteristics and production statistics. These mines vary greatly in size, grade and diamond-value, as well as in the proportions and types of mantle mineral suites that they contain. They include some of the world's richest mines, such as Jwaneng in Botswana, to mines that are both small and marginal, such as the Frank Smith Mine in South Africa. They include large diatremes such as Orapa and small dykes such as those mined at Bellsbank, Swartruggens and near Theunissen. These mines are all located on the Archaean Kalahari Craton, and it is apparent that the craton and its associated sub-continental lithosphere played an important role in providing the right environment for diamond growth and for the formation of the kimberlite magmas that were to transport them to the surface.  相似文献   

流体包裹体压力计研究之二:高温高压下碳氢化合物的拉曼光谱   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

乔二伟  郑海飞  徐备 《岩石学报》2008,24(9):1981-1986

在温度23～315℃、压力高达近2000MPa下用金刚石压腔下研究了正庚烷、环己烷及其混合物的拉曼光谱特征。结果表明：环己烷和正庚烷混合,只是改变了环己烷及正庚烷的平均C-H伸缩振动的拉曼位移,但是并不影响其P-△^-vp关系式。另外,经过数据拟合,得到了平均C-H伸缩振动的拉曼位移与压力的关系为：P=78．21（△^-vp）＋71．56。该公式可以用来作为流体包裹体尤其是油气包裹体的压力计。  相似文献   

雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩带的康金拉铬铁矿中发现金刚石   总被引：6，自引：10，他引：6  

徐向珍  杨经绥  巴登珠  陈松永  方青松  白文吉 《岩石学报》2008,24(7)

前人在雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩带的罗布莎铬铁矿石中发现许多异常矿物,包括金刚石和柯石英等典型压力指示矿物.蛇绿岩型铬铁矿石中为什么会产出金刚石等异常矿物,与其伴生的铬铁矿和蛇绿岩是什么成因,是一个新的重大科学问题.为此,开展了同一蛇绿岩带中康金拉矿区的铬铁矿的人工重砂研究.从1116kg的铬铁矿样品中发现了近千粒金刚石,以及自然元素、金属互化物、氧化物、硫化物、硅酸盐、钨酸盐和碳酸盐矿物等一批异常矿物.从一个新的矿区发现了大批金刚石,不仅是对罗布莎铬铁矿中存在金刚石的佐证,并且将金刚石的产出规模增加了几个数量级,由此引出蛇绿岩铬铁矿中金刚石是否成矿的新问题.尤其重要的是,从同一蛇绿岩带的不同铬铁矿床中再次发现金刚石,为探讨金刚石及其寄主的铬铁矿和蛇绿岩的成因,提供了新的重要依据.  相似文献   

我国海洋产业数字化水平测度与时空演化分析          下载免费PDF全文

邵业  宁凌  欧春尧  曹阳春 《海洋开发与管理》2024,41(1):3-14

文章在厘清海洋产业数字化相关概念的前提下,基于钻石模型构建了海洋产业数字化水平测度指标体系并采用投影寻踪模型测度2014—2020年我国沿海11个省(自治区、直辖市)的海洋产业数字化水平;在此基础上运用多种空间计量模型对我国海洋产业数字化水平的时空演化规律进行深入分析。研究发现：我国海洋产业数字化水平总体上呈现快速增长趋势,但不同区域沿海省(自治区、直辖市)之间存在一定差异;区域内差异是研究期内我国海洋产业数字化水平地区差异的主导因素,其中北部沿海地区内部差异最大,东部沿海地区内部差异最小,南部沿海地区内部差异居中;三大海洋经济圈内海洋产业数字化集聚形式各具特征：北部海洋经济圈内沿海省(自治区、直辖市)形成“高-低”集聚型,南部海洋经济圈内沿海省(自治区、直辖市)形成“低-高”集聚型,东部海洋经济圈内沿海省(自治区、直辖市)则形成“高-高”集聚型。  相似文献   

金刚石指示矿物的找矿意义研究—以江苏张集地区发现金刚石原生矿为例          下载免费PDF全文

赵秀芳 《山东国土资源》2018,34(7)

金伯利岩中的石榴子石、铬铁矿和铬透辉石是寻找金刚石原生矿的重要指示矿物。根据主要化学成分TiO2,Cr2O3,FeO,MgO,CaO的含量，将石榴子石分成G1～G12十二组。该次研究区内石榴子石为橙色系列，经电子探针测试，G5组31粒，G4组18粒，G8组7粒，G3组1粒，其中G4组中Na2O含量＞0.07%的有4粒，属含钠镁铝铁铝榴石，且15csy034石榴子石为含金刚石金伯利岩。研究区内1粒铬铁矿为S5组贫钛富镁高铝铬铁矿，属非金伯利岩和非钾镁煌斑岩铬铁矿；研究区内发现的2粒铬透辉石，为低铬富镁透辉石。在研究指示矿物特征的基础上，在四山村北新发现编号分别为1,2,3号3个煌斑岩岩管和编号为4号的1个煌斑岩脉，并在2号岩管角砾岩中，选获直径为0.2mm左右的金刚石1粒。尤其是石榴子石标型矿物的研究为煌斑岩岩体的发现起到重要指导意义，进一步明确了找矿方向，减少了找矿的盲目性。  相似文献   

Effect of oil and gas deposits on dynamic characteristics of reflected waves     

《International Geology Review》2012,54(4):504-519

ABSTRACT

The preservation of metastable diamond in ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic (UHPM) complexes challenges our understanding of the processes taking place during exhumation of these subduction zone complexes. The presence of diamonds in UHPM rocks implies that diamonds remained metastable during exhumation, and within thermodynamic stability of graphite for an extended period. This work studies the influence of pressure on the surface graphitization rate of diamond monocrystals in carbonate systems to understand the preservation of microdiamond during exhumation of UHP subduction complexes. Experiments were performed with 2–3 mm synthetic diamond monocrystals at 2–4 GPa in СаСО₃ (1550°С) and К₂СО₃ (1450°С) melts using a high-pressure multi-anvil apparatus. The highest rate of surface graphitization took place at 2 GPa; diamond crystals were almost completely enveloped by a graphite coating. At 4 GPa, only octahedron-shaped pits formed on flat {111} diamond crystal faces. Our results demonstrate that the surface graphitization rate of diamonds in the presence of carbonate melts at 1450–1550°C increases with decreasing pressure. Decreased pressure alone can graphitize diamond regardless of exhumation rate. Metastable diamond inclusions survive exhumation with little or no graphitization because of excess pressure up to 2 GPa acting on them, and because inclusions are protected from interaction with C-O-H fluid.  相似文献   

The impact of diamond extraction on natural denudation rates in the Diamantina Plateau (Minas Gerais,Brazil)     

《Journal of South American Earth Sciences》2014

The ¹⁰Be method was used to investigate the effect of mining activities on the natural denudation rates in alluvial sediments from catchments of the Southern Espinhaço Range (SER) in Minas Gerais State (Brazil). In this region, which is predominantly composed of quartzites, the ¹⁰Be concentrations were measured in alluvial sediments from catchments in a preserved natural area of the Serra do Cipó National Park and on the Diamantina Plateau, which was subjected to diamond extraction from beginnings of XVIII century until the end of the XX. Two types of drainage were identified in the Diamantina Plateau area: (i) reworked drainage (alluvial sediments reworked by panning) and (ii) overloaded drainage (alluvial sediments originating from panning processes on saprolites located upstream). The mean denudation value for the natural drainages (∼4.4 m.My-1) is similar to that of the reworked drainages (∼4.3 m.My-1) However, the denudation rates obtained for eleven samples from three sites in overloaded basins range from ∼6.4 m My-1 to ∼22.8 m My-1 and are thus higher than those determined for the reworked and natural basins. These results show that despite the alluvium deposits have been intensely reworked by panning, the values of denudation rates were not changed, they are similar to denudation rates from the natural drainages. However, the natural rates are lower than those affected by panning processes on saprolites.  相似文献   

南海底拖网方、菱目网囊选择性研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

杨吝  谭永光  张旭丰 《广东海洋大学学报》2002,22(3):19-25

1997年 6月～ 1 998年 7月 ,使用 3种网目尺寸的方形网目网囊和一种网目尺寸的菱形网目网囊 ,在南海北部珠江口以外海域水深 3 5～ 96m拖网渔场进行了总共 2 6个有效网次的捕鱼对比试验 ,获得了关于蛇鲻、绯鲤、金线鱼 3种鱼种的选择性参数。结果表明 ,方形网目网囊比菱形网目网囊具有更好的选择性能 ,对于保护南海幼鱼资源是有效的  相似文献   

山东金刚石原生矿找矿前景探讨     

刘继太 《山东国土资源》2002,(Z1)

金刚石形成于地幔深处 ,含金刚石的岩石只是一种运载和保存“工具” ,凡是来自上地幔的岩石均有可能携带早已形成的金刚石而形成金刚石原生矿床。世界上已知金刚石原生矿除金伯利岩、钾镁煌斑岩型外 ,尚在橄榄岩、橄榄玄武岩、千枚岩、科马提岩、榴辉岩等岩石中发现了金刚石 ,可能存在金刚石原生矿新的岩石类型。山东位于华北地台的南东部 ,鲁西、鲁东基底属A型克拉通 ,幔源岩浆活动强烈 ,具备良好的金刚石原生矿成矿地质条件 ,已获得的大量的成矿信息和找矿线索表明 ,除已发现的蒙阴金伯利岩型金刚石原生矿外 ,应该存在着尚未发现的金刚石原生矿 ,找矿前景广阔 ,应进一步加强金刚石原生矿勘查工作。  相似文献