Variations of phytoplankton productivity and biomass over an annual cycle in Saanich Inlet,a British Columbia fjord     

Damian S. Grundle  David A. Timothy  Diana E. Varela 《Continental Shelf Research》2009

Saanich Inlet is a highly productive temperate fjord with the capability to record inter-annual patterns of water-column primary production in undisturbed laminated sediments. We investigated spatial and temporal variations in primary productivity, total and size-fractionated phytoplankton chl a, dissolved nutrients, temperature and salinity at the head and mouth of Saanich Inlet from May 2005 to November 2006. New primary productivity was also measured from May to October 2006. During the growing season (spring, summer and fall), primary productivity was 1.5 times higher at the mouth than at the head of Saanich Inlet and, averaged across stations, total productivity was 460 g C m⁻² y⁻¹. Average new productivity was 53% and 58% of total primary productivity at the head and mouth of the inlet, respectively, and during the growing season micro-phytoplankton (>20 μm; mainly diatoms) was the most abundant size-class of phytoplankton. These rates of primary production are as high as or higher than those measured in other fjords, possibly because of a tidally-driven fortnightly gravity exchange that supplies nutrients to surface waters that enhance biological production when nutrients would otherwise be limiting. This exchange delivers nutrients at least as far inland as the head station, while nutrients associated with an eddy near the mouth may be the cause of even higher productivity there. We discuss the impact of these nutrient sources to Saanich Inlet on the records of paleoproduction generated from two Ocean Drilling Program cores extracted from this fjord, and suggest that the fortnightly exchange buffers variations in nutrient supply occurring on sub-decadal or decadal scales.  相似文献   

Annual and spatial variations of chemical and physical properties in the Ross Sea surface waters (Antarctica)     

Serena Massolo  Roberta Messa  Paola Rivaro  Riccardo Leardi 《Continental Shelf Research》2009

Temperature, salinity, meltwater percentage, water column stability, dissolved oxygen and nutrients were measured in seawater samples collected at three fixed depths (0, 20, 100 m) in 104 stations located in three different areas of the Ross Sea (Antarctica), during four Italian Antarctic surveys carried out between 1998 and 2006. Nutrient data were used to quantify the nutrient removal, which appears particularly high in 2006, especially in polynya area. The N:P and Si:N disappearance ratios were studied to estimate the dominant phytoplanktonic community. No significant differences in the nutrient drawdown ratio were observed, in fact the N:P ratio was always below the Redfield standard ratio.  相似文献   

Nutrient availability in support of Karenia brevis blooms on the central West Florida Shelf: What keeps Karenia blooming?     

Gabriel A. Vargo  Cynthia A. Heil  Kent A. Fanning  L. Kellie Dixon  Merrie Beth Neely  Kristen Lester  Danylle Ault  Susan Murasko  Julie Havens  John Walsh  Steven Bell 《Continental Shelf Research》2008

Identifying nutrient sources, primarily nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), sufficient to support high biomass blooms of the red tide dinoflagellate, Karenia brevis, has remained problematic. The West Florida Shelf is oligotrophic, yet populations >10⁶ cells L⁻¹ frequently occur and blooms can persist for months. Here we examine the magnitude and variety of sources for N and P that are available to support blooms. Annual average in situ or background concentrations of inorganic N in the region where blooms occur range 0.02–0.2 μM while inorganic P ranges 0.025–0.24 μM. Such concentrations would be sufficient to support the growth of populations up to ∼3×10⁴ cells L⁻¹ with at least a 1 d turnover rate. Organic N concentrations average 1–2 orders of magnitude greater than inorganic N, 8–14 μM while organic P concentrations average 0.2–0.5 μM. Concentrations of organic N are sufficient to support blooms >10⁵ cells L⁻¹ but the extent to which this complex mixture of N species is utilizable is unknown. Other sources of nutrients included in our analysis are aerial deposition, estuarine flux, benthic flux, zooplankton excretion, N₂-fixation, and subsequent release of organic and inorganic N by Trichodesmium spp., and release of N and P from dead and decaying fish killed by the blooms. Inputs based on atmospheric deposition, benthic flux, and N₂-fixation, were minor contributors to the flux required to support growth of populations >2.6×10⁴ cells L⁻¹. N and P from decaying fish could theoretically maintain populations at moderate concentrations but insufficient data on the flux and subsequent mixing rates does not allow us to calculate average values. Zooplankton excretion rates, based on measured zooplankton population estimates and excretion rates could also supply all of the N and P required to support populations of 10⁵ and 10⁶ cells L⁻¹, respectively, but excretion is considered as “regenerated” nutrient input and can only maintain biomass rather than contribute to “new” biomass. The combined estuarine flux from Tampa Bay, Charlotte Harbor, and the Caloosahatchee River can supply a varying, but at times significant level of N and P to meet growth and photosynthesis requirements for populations of approximately 10⁵ cells L⁻¹ or below. Estimates of remineralization of dead fish could supply a significant proportion of bloom maintenance requirements but the rate of supply must still be determined. Overall, a combination of sources is required to maintain populations >10⁶ cells L⁻¹.  相似文献   

水体营养物及其响应指标基准制定过程中建立参照状态的方法—以典型浅水湖泊太湖为例   总被引：14，自引：2，他引：12  

郑丙辉  许秋瑾  周保华  张龙江 《湖泊科学》2009,21(1):21-26

建立参照状态是水体营养物及其响应指标基准制订的关键性工作,建立参照状态的方法主要有时间参考状态法、空间参考状态法、频率法、沉积物历史反演法和预测或外推模型法等,以我国东部湖区典型水体太湖为例,主要应用频率分析法建立了太湖营养物总氮、总磷及响应指标叶绿素a、塞氏深度基准的参照状态,并用时间参考状态法和沉积物历史反演法进行了总氮和总磷参照状态值的验证,综合研究分析显示太湖营养物总磷、总氮的参照状态值应为0.03mg/L、0.6mg/L;响应指标叶绿素a、塞氏深度的参照状态值应为0.004mg/L、0.70m.研究结果旨在为我国水体营养物及其响应指标基准、标准的研究与制订以及我国水体富营养化的控制提供理论和方法借鉴.  相似文献   

太湖流域上游西苕溪支流的营养状态特征及成因分析     

王欢  袁旭音  陈海龙  许海燕  李正阳 《湖泊科学》2015,27(2):208-215

为了解太湖流域上游支流水体的营养状态特征及流域附近土地利用对水质的影响,选取了入湖水系西苕溪的10条主要支流进行了野外采样和实验室研究.研究结果表明,支流总磷(TP)、颗粒磷(PP)、总溶解性磷(TDP)、总氮(TN)、铵态氮(NH+4-N)、硝态氮(NO-3-N)含量季节间差异较大,TP含量范围为0.033~0.205 mg/L,PP含量范围为0.007~0.104 mg/L,TN含量范围为2.014~5.921 mg/L,NH+4-N含量范围0.021~1.659 mg/L,NO-3-N含量范围1.082~3.415mg/L,COD范围为6.5~15.5 mg/L.总体上呈现为枯水期平水期丰水期.部分支流受到不同程度的氮污染.利用水质参数进行聚类分析,可以将10条支流分成4类,其水体营养特征与周围环境相联系.支流营养盐、COD的通量明显受流量控制,表现为丰水期平水期枯水期.土地利用类型的差异是导致其水质变化的主要原因,耕地和居民地主要起源的作用,林地和草地主要起汇的作用.在丰水期和枯水期,对各指标影响最大的土地利用类型为耕地和林地;在平水期,对TP影响最大的是居民地,而对TN影响最大的是林地.  相似文献   

1990—2018年于桥水库流域氮磷浓度变化趋势及影响因素     

张晨  周雅迪  宋迪迪 《湖泊科学》2023,35(6):1949-1959

基于1990—2018年于桥水库流域入库河流与水库的逐月总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)监测数据,整理并分析了1990-2002、2003—2014和2015—2018年3个时段TN、TP浓度和氮磷比(TN/TP)的时空变化特征,探究流域内点面源污染削减、调水、氮磷滞留等对营养盐浓度变化的影响。结果表明,1990—2018年于桥水库TN浓度年均值在1.14～3.74 mg/L之间,水库TP浓度年均值在0.025～0.131 mg/L之间,多年TN/TP平均值为45,远高于淡水磷限氮磷比,是磷限水库。于桥水库流域5个测点中,沙河TN浓度最高,黎河TP浓度最高,入库TN、TP浓度大于库区,水库TP滞留率略大于TN。水库TN、TP浓度在2000s中后期下降,之后出现反弹。原因是2003年水源保护工程实施后,入库营养物浓度降低;2014年底南水北调中线一期工程通水后,于桥水库的引滦水量减少,TN的稀释效应弱化,上游来水TP浓度上升与水库内夏秋两季浮游植物的增殖,导致第三时段水库内TP浓度上升。基于月尺度水质分析,夏季水库TN浓度最低,TP浓度达到峰值,主成分分析表明,历年6—10月的水库Chl.a浓...  相似文献   

Interstitial water – sediment geochemistry of N, P and Fe and its response to overlying waters of tropical estuaries: a case from the southwest coast of India     

K. N. Babu  P. P. Ouseph  D. Padmalal 《Environmental Geology》2000,39(6):633-640

 The concentrations of N, P and Fe in surface sediments and interstitial and overlying (bottom and surface) waters of the Ashtamudi estuary located in the southwest coast of India are reported along with the various chemical species of N (NO₂–N, NO₃–N, NH₃–N and total N) and P (organic P, inorganic P and total P) in interstitial and overlying waters and discussed in terms of the physico-chemical environment of the system. The interstitial water exhibits higher salinity values compared to bottom and surface waters, indicating the coupled effects of salt-wedge phenomena and gravitational convection of more saline-denser marine water downward through surface sediments. N, P and Fe as well as their chemical forms are enriched in the interstitial water compared to bottom and surface waters. However, the dissolved oxygen (DO) shows an opposite trend. The marked enrichment of NH₃–N in the interstitial water and its marginal presence in bottom and surface waters, together with the substantial decrease in the DO concentrations of bottom water and consequent increase in the concentrations of NO₂–N and NO₃–N in interstitial and bottom waters, points to the nitrification process operating in the sediment-water interface of the Ashtamudi estuary. The enrichment of total N, P and Fe in the interstitial water compared to the overlying counterparts and the positive correlation of sediment N, P and Fe with mud contents as well as organic carbon indicate that these elements are liberated during the early diagenetic decomposition of organic matter trapped in estuarine muds. Received: 5 Oktober 1998 · Accepted: 9 February 1999  相似文献   

Cadmium and phosphate in coastal Antarctic seawater: Implications for Southern Ocean nutrient cycling     

Katharine R. Hendry  Rosalind E.M. Rickaby  Jan C.M. de Hoog  Keith Weston  Mark Rehkmper 《Marine Chemistry》2008,112(3-4):149-157

Cadmium is a biologically important trace metal that co-varies with phosphate (PO₄³⁻ or Dissolved Inorganic Phosphate, DIP) in seawater. However, the exact nature of Cd uptake mechanisms and the relationship with phosphate and other nutrients in global oceans remain elusive. Here, we present a time series study of Cd and PO₄³⁻ from coastal Antarctic seawater, showing that Cd co-varies with macronutrients during times of high biological activity even under nutrient and trace metal replete conditions. Our data imply that Cd/PO₄³⁻ in coastal surface Antarctic seawater is higher than open ocean areas. Furthermore, the sinking of some proportion of this high Cd/PO₄³⁻ water into Antarctic Bottom Water, followed by mixing into Circumpolar Deep Water, impacts Southern Ocean preformed nutrient and trace metal composition. A simple model of endmember water mass mixing with a particle fractionation of Cd/P (α_Cd–P) determined by the local environment can be used to account for the Cd/PO₄³⁻ relationship in different parts of the ocean. The high Cd/PO₄³⁻ of the coastal water is a consequence of two factors: the high input from terrestrial and continental shelf sediments and changes in biological fractionation with respect to P during uptake of Cd in regions of high Fe and Zn. This implies that the Cd/PO₄³⁻ ratio of the Southern Ocean will vary on glacial–interglacial timescales as the proportion of deep water originating on the continental shelves of the Weddell Sea is reduced during glaciations because the ice shelf is pinned at the edge of the continental shelf. There could also be variations in biological fractionation of Cd/P in the surface waters of the Southern Ocean on these timescales as a result of changes in atmospheric inputs of trace metals. Further variations in the relationship between Cd and PO₄³⁻ in seawater arise from changes in population structure and community requirements for macro- and micronutrients.  相似文献   

Impact of climate change on zooplankton communities, seabird populations and arctic terrestrial ecosystem—A scenario     

Lech Stempniewicz  Katarzyna B&#x;achowiak-Samo&#x;yk  Jan M. W&#x;s&#x;awski 《Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography》2007,54(23-26):2934

Many arctic terrestrial ecosystems suffer from a permanent deficiency of nutrients. Marine birds that forage at sea and breed on land can transport organic matter from the sea to land, and thus help to initiate and sustain terrestrial ecosystems. This organic matter initiates the emergence of local tundra communities, increasing primary and secondary production and species diversity. Climate change will influence ocean circulation and the hydrologic regime, which will consequently lead to a restructuring of zooplankton communities between cold arctic waters, with a dominance of large zooplankton species, and Atlantic waters in which small species predominate. The dominance of large zooplankton favours plankton-eating seabirds, such as the little auk (Alle alle), while the presence of small zooplankton redirects the food chain to plankton-eating fish, up through to fish-eating birds (e.g., guillemots Uria sp.). Thus, in regions where the two water masses compete for dominance, such as in the Barents Sea, plankton-eating birds should dominate the avifauna in cold periods and recess in warmer periods, when fish-eaters should prevail. Therefore under future anthropogenic climate scenarios, there could be serious consequences for the structure and functioning of the terrestrial part of arctic ecosystems, due in part to changes in the arctic marine avifauna. Large colonies of plankton-eating little auks are located on mild mountain slopes, usually a few kilometres from the shore, whereas colonies of fish-eating guillemots are situated on rocky cliffs at the coast. The impact of guillemots on the terrestrial ecosystems is therefore much smaller than for little auks because of the rapid washing-out to sea of the guano deposited on the seabird cliffs. These characteristics of seabird nesting sites dramatically limit the range of occurrence of ornithogenic soils, and the accompanying flora and fauna, to locations where talus-breeding species occur. As a result of climate warming favoring the increase of ichthyiofagous cliff-nesting seabirds, we can expect that large areas of ornithogenic tundra around the colonies of plankton-eating seabirds situated far from the sea may disappear, while areas of tundra in the vicinity of cliffs inhabited by fish-eating seabirds, with low total production and supporting few large herbivores, will likely increase, but only imperceptibly. This may lead to habitat fragmentation with negative consequences for populations of tundra-dependent birds and mammals, and the possibility of a substantial decrease in biodiversity of tundra plant and animal communities.  相似文献   

Dissolved manganese and silicic acid in the Columbia River plume: A major source to the California current and coastal waters off Washington and Oregon   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Ana M. Aguilar-Islas  Kenneth W. Bruland 《Marine Chemistry》2006,101(3-4):233-247

The spatial distributions of dissolved manganese and nutrients were examined in the Columbia River plume off Oregon and Washington during the summer of 2004 and 2005 as part of the River Influence on Shelf Ecosystems (RISE) program. Factors influencing the hydrochemical characteristics of the freshly formed and aged Columbia River plume were investigated. Hydrographic data and nutrient concentrations were used to delineate three distinct water sources for the Columbia River Plume: California Current surface water, coastal upwelled water, and Columbia River water. The warm, intermediate salinity, nutrient poor California Current water contains low levels of dissolved manganese (< 5 nM) and silicic acid (< 5 μM), and is depleted in nitrate. The cold, high salinity, nutrient rich, freshly upwelled water is highly variable (2–20 nM) in dissolved manganese and can be as high as  45 μM in silicic acid and  30 μM nitrate. The variable Columbia River has summer temperatures ranging from  13 to 24 °C, high silicic acid concentrations (ranging from  120 to 200 μM), and lower nitrate concentrations (ranging from  2 to 20 μM). During the summer, the concentrations of silicic acid and dissolved manganese can exceed 100 μM and 200 nM, respectively, in near-field Columbia River plumes. These values are markedly greater than those of surface coastal waters (even during upwelling conditions). As the plume advects and mixes, the concentrations of these two constituents remain relatively high within plume waters. The concentrations of dissolved manganese in the near-field plume vary with tidal amplitude, exhibiting much higher concentrations for a given salinity during spring tides than during neap tides. For example, the Columbia River plume at a salinity of 20 has a concentration of dissolved manganese of  240 nM during spring tides, as compared to only  60 nM during low amplitude tides. Silicic acid concentrations in the near-field plume remain relatively constant throughout the tidal month. Calculations indicate there is roughly an equivalent yearly delivery of dissolved manganese and silicic acid to the coastal waters off Oregon and Washington by upwelled waters and by the Columbia River plume.  相似文献