Challenging power from the bottom up? Community protocols,benefit-sharing,and the challenge of dominant discourses     

《Geoforum》2018

This article discusses the ways in which community protocols might challenge the dominant discourses that guide environmental law and policy at the local, national and international levels and makes suggestions about the conditions that need to be fulfilled if such a challenge is to be effective. Community protocols have attracted the attention of many scholars as they are recognised in the Convention on Biological Diversity’s Nagoya Protocol. They are argued to hold the potential to achieve fair and equitable benefit-sharing by allowing local community voices to express their customary law, worldviews, and ideas of benefit and development among other things. While much of the existing literature discusses community protocols as legal tools, they are also tools that may challenge the dominant discourses argued to guide environmental law and policy. The article takes up this question on the basis of findings from five original case studies. It is argued that community protocols may challenge dominant discourses by: facilitating and articulating the recognition of local communities and indigenous peoples; providing a source for understanding their worldviews; and by empowering them in the long term. In order to achieve these outcomes, community protocol must be understood as processes and pay attention to legal and political contexts, how communities organise, the role of supporting actors, and the articulation of benefits.  相似文献   

The development and application of a land use diversity index for Oklahoma City,OK     

《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》2015

Characteristics of land use and land use diversity play an integral part in determining how a city develops, and also can influence the allocation of funds for urban redevelopment, crime prevention, and civic and transportation projects. With the rise of the sustainability movement and concern about environmental degradation, more cities are interested in optimizing transportation routes and utilizing their budgets to accommodate high-priority projects that benefit the most people. This paper develops a method for measuring land use diversity for Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, and explores the relationship between land use diversity and a suite of demographic variables. To accomplish this, a land use diversity index (LUDI) was developed to examine spatial patterns in diversity of land use. The analysis shows that areas with a higher LUDI are near interstates and main corridors while areas with a lower LUDI are located closer to where newer residential areas have been developed. A multivariate statistical approach was then used to identify those variables that might explain the specific spatial patterns of the LUDI in Oklahoma City. The results identify the relationship between the demographic variables and land use across the city, and illustrate the most interesting and significant spatial patterns. By coupling the land use diversity index and demographic data, Oklahoma City planners can apply the information to help make important decisions for the city, and it will provide quantifiable data to support their decisions.  相似文献   

深海微生物多样性形成机制浅析   总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14  

席峰  郑天凌  焦念志  张瑶 《地球科学进展》2004,19(1):38-046

随着全球人口、资源与环境问题的加剧,人类把目光投向海洋。深海包含在极酸、极碱、极热、极冷、高盐、高压等极端环境下能够生存繁衍的微生物。与陆地微生物比较,它们可能具备某些不同的代谢途径和遗传背景。对极端环境微生物生存与适应机制的研究将加深我们对深海微生物乃至深海生物圈对全球气候影响的理解,也将促进我们对深海微生物资源和深海矿产资源的开发。在综合以往对各种极端环境下微生物研究的基础上对深海微生物的生存及适应机制进行了分析与阐释,为深海微生物的研究提供参考。  相似文献   

琉球群岛邻近海域浮游植物多样性的模糊综合评判   总被引：17，自引：3，他引：17  

孙军  刘东艳  魏皓  钱树本 《海洋与湖沼》2001,32(4):445-453

基于1997年7月中日合作副热带环流调查的资料，运用模糊数学原理对流球群岛岛链两侧副热带环流水域的海洋浮游植物多样性程度进行了模糊综合评判，界定了各浮游植物多样性指数的阈值评判集合，结果表明，此海域服游植物的多样性程度是属于高的，用相同的多样性指数阈值评判集合对调查海域的浮游硅藻和甲藻分别进行多样性程度的模糊综合评判，结果表明，浮游硅藻和甲藻的多样性程度评判结果有不同程的下降，表明不能用与浮游植物相同的评判信息对同一群落的硅藻和甲藻分别进行评判。Shannon-Weaver指数较适合于浮游植物多样性的模糊综合评判，但必需同其他多样性指数结合使用。  相似文献   

烟台海滨潮间带岩岸环境无脊椎动物群落特性的初步研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

庄树宏 《海洋科学进展》1997,(3)

本文所研究的烟台沿海潮间带岩带环境无脊椎动物群落的最小样方面积为4m3。石沟屯的无脊椎动物群落种的多样性与蛇们岛和雨岱山两地的无脊椎动物群落种的多样性存在显著差异（P＜0．01），以石沟屯的多样性指数最高（Shannon－WienerIndexH＝0．888），生物密度最大（6702个体／m），且石沟屯的无脊椎动物群落的结构与崆峒岛和雨岱山的存在明显差异。水体一定程度的富营养化和风浪的影响是造成所研究的岩岸环境无脊椎动物群落的结构与多样性差异的主要原因。所研究的三地无脊椎动物群落都以东方小藤壶为绝对优势种，以东方小藤壶、黑荞麦蛤和短滨螺3个优势种决定着所研究的烟台岩岸环境无脊椎动物群落的结构和外貌。  相似文献   

Is the Determination of Meiobenthic Diversity Affected by the Sampling Method in Sandy Beaches?     

N. Gourbault  R. M. Warwick 《Marine Ecology》1994,15(3-4):267-279

Abstract. Meiobenthic samples were collected by two different methods from the microtidal coralline sand beach at Gosier, Guadeloupe, West Indies: (I) vertical cores and (2) the K araman /C happuis (KC) technique of digging a hole and filtering the seepage water from the bottom. Nematode species diversity was unaffected by the sampling method, but nematode species composition differed. There was no evidence from statistical analysis to suggest differences in diversity or composition of higher taxa between sampling methods, although gastrotrichs appeared to be underrepresented by the KC technique.  相似文献   

胶州湾底栖生物多样性初探   总被引：21，自引：5，他引：21  

毕洪生  冯卫 《海洋科学》1996,20(6):58-62

用１９９１－１９９５年胶州湾１０个监测站的资料，采用Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ－Ｗｅａｖｅｒ指数，Ｐｉｅｌｏｕｓ均匀度指数，种的丰盛度指数以及Ｓａｎｄｅｒｓ稀疏曲线进行大型底栖生物多样性比较。结果表明，在胶州湾，粉砂－粘土混合型的沉积环境中大型底栖生物多样性高于匀质的粗砂底质。  相似文献   

辽宁沿海湿地生物多样性评价研究   总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9       下载免费PDF全文

朱京海  刘伟玲  胡远满  王炜 《气象与环境学报》2008,24(1):27-31

辽宁沿海湿地资源对辽宁沿海经济带生物多样性保护具有重要意义。在辽宁沿海经济带战略环评中,根据科学性、代表性和实用性的原则,提出了生物多样性评价的4个指标,即物种丰富度、生态系统类型多样性、物种特有性和外来物种入侵度。建立了沿海湿地生物多样性评价指标体系,并对沿海湿地生物多样性进行了评价。评价结果表明:辽宁沿海6地市及其4个国家级自然保护区的生物多样性丰富。该项研究为辽宁沿海经济带的战略开发决策提供了科学的生物多样性保护措施和建议。  相似文献   

The response of benthic macrofauna to anthropogenic stress in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island: a review of human stressors and assessment of community conditions   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Calabretta CJ  Oviatt CA 《Marine pollution bulletin》2008,56(10):1680-1695

The present state of knowledge regarding the input of anthropogenic pollutants into Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island was reviewed and benthic infaunal communities present at four depositional environments within the upper Bay were characterized. Inter-station differences in species composition and abundance of these assemblages were examined in relation to established pollution gradients.Using diversity curves and multivariate statistics, evidence of significant anthropogenic impact on the structure of benthic macrofaunal communities in Narragansett Bay was identified. The magnitude of this impact was greatest at stations closest to the Bay’s urban centers, where exposure to multiple stressors had resulted in communities of opportunistic taxa which persisted in a state of low faunal diversity characteristic of early stages of species succession. As was expected based on historic models of faunal succession; the apparent maturity of benthic assemblages in Narragansett Bay increased along the north-south gradient of decreasing anthropogenic stress.  相似文献   

基于多种培养基和不同培养温度的马里亚纳海沟异养细菌多样性分析     

王震  朱祥杰  苑志欣  郝建华  郑兰红 《海洋湖沼通报》2021,(1):91-100

马里亚纳海沟具有低温、高压、永久黑暗以及营养匮乏等深海环境特征,其中的细菌多样性对深海环境具有极为重要的作用。为研究马里亚纳海沟海水中异养细菌的物种多样性,采用多种培养基、不同培养温度同步筛选,单菌落16S rRNA基因序列鉴定,邻近法系统发育树构建分析等方法,对25个海水样品进行异养细菌多样性分析。共获得细菌531株,对其中371株进行16S rRNA基因鉴定,共分布41属,97种。经系统进化分析,异养菌株分布于4门:厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)。优势菌群为Proteobacteria,占鉴定菌株数量的58%,其中γ-Proteobacteria占总菌数的52%。此外,还发现4株潜在新物种。  相似文献