Comparative analysis of land use/cover change trajectories and their driving forces in two small watersheds in the western Loess Plateau of China     

《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2013

To prevent soil loss and achieve better ecological environments, soil conservation measures have been taken during the past decades in the western Loess Plateau of China. In this paper, a case study was taken in Luoyu valley and Lver valley, two sub-watersheds of Xihe watershed and comparison was carried out between them. The main object of this study is to monitor land use/cover changes in the two similar small watersheds utilizing SPOT5 imageries by object-oriented human–computer interactive classification method, further develop the method of spatio-temporal analysis of land use/cover change by using pattern metrics of change trajectories and relative land use suitability index (R) in smaller watersheds, and make comparisons between the two similar small watersheds, taking water and soil conservation measures into consideration. Results show that combining GIS and RS, this method can be perfectly applied to make comparisons between different small watersheds with similar geographical backgrounds. And land use/cover spatiotemporal dynamic change characteristics can be preferably expressed by pattern metrics of change trajectories and R values based on topographical data. Different emphases have been laid according to their own geological backgrounds in the two watersheds and human activities have different effects on the landscapes of the two watersheds. The main change pattern is from slope farmland to terrace (322, the largest in Luoyu valley) or to economic fruit forest (344, the largest in Lver valley). R value of every slope grade in both of the two watersheds drops with the rising of slope degree on the whole and it shows that there is still much to do for people in the two watersheds in consideration that all the R values are still lower than 0.7.  相似文献   

1960~2012年中国地区总云量时空变化及其与气温和水汽的关系     

符传博  丹利  冯锦明  彭静  营娜 《大气科学》2019,43(1):87-98

基于我国地区543个地面气象台站观测的总云量、平均气温和相对湿度日均值资料,采用正交经验函数（EOF）、气候倾向率和线性趋势分析等方法,研究了1960~2012年总云量的时空变化特征及其与气温和水汽的关系。结果表明:（1）我国地区总云量呈南多北少的带状分布特征,最大值在四川盆地（82%）。近53年来总云量气候倾向率为-0.8%（10a）-1,趋势系数为-0.68,通过了99.9%的信度检验。（2）总云量季节变化特点明显,夏季最多,春秋季次之,冬季最少,其中春季、夏季和秋季有显著的下降趋势。（3）EOF分解的前两个模态表明总云量不仅具有一致减少的变化特征,还具有明显的区域差异。以此同时,平均气温和相对湿度不论在总体变化趋势、地区差异、还是时间演变上,均与总云量保持较高的一致性,进一步证明总云量的变化与气温和水汽有密切关系。  相似文献   

基于册与相对湿润度指数的1961-2009年东北地区5-9月干旱趋势分析          下载免费PDF全文

马建勇  许吟隆  潘婕 《气象与环境学报》2012,28(3)

依据1961-2009年东北地区71个气象台站月平均气温和降水资料,运用标准化降水指数（SPI）与相对湿润度指数等干旱指标分析了东北地区5-9月的干旱趋势。结果表明：1961-2009年,东北大部分地区在5-9月呈干旱化趋势,仅在黑龙江省大兴安岭北部、黑龙江省西南部以及黑龙江省与吉林省的东部交界处表现为湿润化;东北三省干湿振荡主要周期为22-24a,近49a发生了4次干湿交替,突变年为1976年和1996年。就干旱发生范围而言,近49a东北地区干旱面积呈上升趋势;以1996年为分界线,农作物干旱受灾比在吉林省增幅最大,辽宁省次之,黑龙江省最小,采用删与相对湿润度指数评价东北地区干旱较符合实际。就干旱发生频率而言,高值区主要集中在东北地区西部,特别是黑龙江省的齐齐哈尔和大庆地区、吉林省的白城地区及辽宁省的朝阳地区。干旱与极端干旱的发生频率1981-1990年为较低,2001-2009年为最高;而极端干旱发生频率增加幅度明显高于一般干旱。  相似文献   

大气湿位涡影响夏季江淮降水异常的机理分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

张艳霞  钱永甫  翟盘茂 《高原气象》2008,27(1):26-35

利用欧洲中心再分析资料(ERA-40)中1958-2001年气象场资料(世界时00时),分析了降水异常年850 hPa湿位涡及其分量差异的原因.结果表明,降水异常年湿位涡和湿位涡正压部分的差异主要是由水汽的垂直分布差异引起稳定度的变化所致,而相对湿位涡和湿位涡斜压部分的差异,分别主要是由垂直涡度及纬向风的垂直切变和暖湿气流的经向切变所致.另外,还利用湿位涡的正压部分和斜压部分讨论了江淮夏季850 hPa大气性质的变化,结果表明,近50年来,大气对流不稳定减弱,而斜压不稳定增强.  相似文献   

民勤一次沙尘暴的观测分析   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

岳平  牛生杰  张强 《高原气象》2008,27(2):401-407

给出了2004年5月23~24日民勤站爆发沙尘暴前后以及沙尘暴内部的温度、比湿和风速垂直廓线,分析了沙尘暴发生前后及沙尘暴期间高空气象要素的演变特征,同时对大气的热力、动力稳定度参数进行了计算和分析。结果表明:沙尘暴来临前边界层内具有深厚的混合层,大气层结处于不稳定状态,温、湿结构及风的垂直分布有利于沙尘暴的发生、发展;沙尘暴发生期,出现了稳定与不稳定层相间的情形,对流减弱,抑制了沙尘暴的发展;沙尘暴天气结束后中低层大气湿度增加显著;沙尘暴的强度与相对风暴螺旋度具有良好的对应关系。  相似文献   

均匀裸土地表土壤热通量计算方法对比及对能量闭合的影响   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

郭阳  左洪超  陈继伟  王晓霞  董龙翔 《气候与环境研究》2015,20(2):177-187

利用"内蒙古微气象观测蒸发试验"的观测资料,对6种地表土壤热通量计算方法(Plate Cal法、TDEC法、谐波法、热传导对流法、振幅法和相位法)进行比较,检验了6种方法在不同干湿地表状况下的适用性,并研究了6种方法计算地表土壤热通量的差异以及对地表能量闭合度的影响。结果表明:一般情况下,Plate Cal法计算的2 cm土壤热通量与观测值最接近,计算结果的均方差为6.9 W/m2。在不同干湿地表状况下,干燥和降水条件下适合使用Plate Cal法,计算结果的均方差分别为14.0 W/m2和30.1 W/m2;湿润条件下适合使用谐波法,计算结果的均方差为21.4 W/m2。6种方法计算的地表土壤热通量存在明显差别,最大相差178.6 W/m2,不同方法计算地表土壤热通量的最大差值超过25 W/m2的时次占样本的96.3%。不同方法计算地表土壤热通量的差异对地表能量闭合度的大小有明显影响,但不影响近地层能量闭合度随湍流混合增强而增大的规律。  相似文献   

Weathering phases recorded by gnammas developed since last glaciation at Serra da Estrela, Portugal     

David Domínguez-Villar  Laura Razola  Rosa M. Carrasco  Carrie E. Jennings  Javier Pedraza 《Quaternary Research》2009,72(2):218-228

The morphometrical analysis of gnammas (weathering pits) in granite landscapes has been used to establish the relative chronology of recent erosive surfaces and to provide the weathering history in a region. To test the validity of gnammas as relative chronometer indicators, and the reliability of the obtained weathering record, two sites have been studied in Serra da Estrela, Portugal. The first site is within the limits of the glacier that existed in these mountains during the last glaciation, whereas the second site is located in an unglaciated sector of the mountains, which preserves a longer record of weathering in the bedrock surface. The number of gnamma weathering phases recorded in the latter site (8) is larger than those from the former (6). Correlation between both measurement stations based on morphometrical criteria is excellent for the younger six weathering phases (1 to 6). Consequently, the parameter used for relative chronology (δ-value) has been verified to be age dependent, although absolute values are modulated by microclimate due to altitude variations. The weathering record was essentially duplicated once the surfaces at both sites were exposed, demonstrating the reliability of gnamma evolution as a post-glacial environmental indicator for the region.  相似文献   

Analysis of water seepage in a pavement system using the particulate approach     

Kalyani Jeyisanker  Manjriker Gunaratne 《Computers and Geotechnics》2009

A particulate model has been developed to analyze the effects of transient and steady state seepage of water through a randomly-packed coarse-grained soil as an alternative to conventional seepage analysis based on continuum models. In this model, the soil skeleton and the pore water are volumetrically coupled in the transient and steady-state conditions. The concept of relative density has been used to define different compaction levels of the soil layers forming a pavement filter system and observe the seepage response to compaction. First, Monte–Carlo simulation is used to randomly pack discrete spherical particles from a specified particle size distribution (PSD) to achieve a desired relative density based on the theoretical minimum and maximum void ratios. Then, a water pressure gradient is applied across one two-layer unit to trigger water seepage. The interstitial pore water motion is idealized using Navier–Stokes (NS) equations with provision to incorporate the drag forces acting between the pore fluid and soil particles. The NS equations are discretized using finite differences and applied to discrete elements in a staggered, structured grid. The model predicted hydraulic conductivities are validated using widely used equations.  相似文献   

航海雷达测波系统中海杂波数据的校正     

唐艳红  郝燕玲  卢志忠 《国土资源遥感》2009,(3):7-11

为了对航海雷达图像进行海杂波数据的精确校正,结合实测海浪数据,提出了一种海杂波数据校正方法.首先,针对雷达成像过程中的几何畸变,结合数据采集系统的实际工作参数,通过方位向和距离向数据的快速分离进行几何校正;然后,针对海杂波数据沿扫描线方向存在的辐射量畸变,根据实际海浪分析的信号要求,利用沿扫描线上的非线性原理进行相对辐射校正.结果表明,无论是数据处理速度还是校正后的影像质量,均达到了海浪分析工程的实用要求.  相似文献   

Effects of in-situ conditions on relative permeability characteristics of CO2-brine systems   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Stefan Bachu  Brant Bennion 《Environmental Geology》2008,54(8):1707-1722

Carbon dioxide capture and geological storage (CCGS) is an emerging technology that is increasingly being considered for reducing greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere. Deep saline aquifers provide a very large capacity for CO₂ storage and, unlike hydrocarbon reservoirs and coal beds, are immediately accessible and are found in all sedimentary basins. Proper understanding of the displacement character of CO₂-brine systems at in-situ conditions is essential in ascertaining CO₂ injectivity, migration and trapping in the pore space as a residual gas or supercritical fluid, and in assessing the suitability and safety of prospective CO₂ storage sites. Because of lack of published data, the authors conducted a program of measuring the relative permeability and other displacement characteristics of CO₂-brine systems for sandstone, carbonate and shale formations in central Alberta in western Canada. The tested formations are representative of the in-situ characteristics of deep saline aquifers in compacted on-shore North American sedimentary basins. The results show that the capillary pressure, interfacial tension, relative permeability and other displacements characteristics of CO₂-brine systems depend on the in-situ conditions of pressure, temperature and water salinity, and on the pore size distribution of the sedimentary rock. This paper presents a synthesis and interpretation of the results.  相似文献