The computation of long geodesics on the ellipsoid by non-series expanding procedure     

Tsutomu Saito 《Journal of Geodesy》1970,44(4):341-373

In this paper the author shows a procedure to settle the computation of very long geodesic lines on the ellipsoid without using the series expansion. The integration of elliptic integrals appearing in the procedure is numerically carried out by means of a mechanical quadrature-the method of Repeated Interval Halving. The author also devises formulae for the numerical solution of the problem, in order to make the amount of significance error least and determine the kind of quadrant for the computation of inverse trigonometric function. The anti-podal problem for the direct and inverse solution is rigorously solved by this method.  相似文献   

The computation of long geodesics on the ellipsoid through Gaussian quadrature   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Tsutomu Saito 《Journal of Geodesy》1979,53(2):165-177

Formulas for computing geodesics on the bi-axial ellipsoid through Gaussian quadrature are shown; the estimation of computational errors, truncation and roundoff errors, for the quadrature is carried out; and test examples found in [3] together with those which consist of near anti-podal points on the neighborhood of the equator, are computed with the evaluation of the computational errors.  相似文献   

LES Study of the Energy Imbalance Problem with Eddy Covariance Fluxes   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3  

Manabu Kanda  Atsushi Inagaki  Marcus Oliver Letzel  Siegfried Raasch  Tsutomu Watanabe 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2004,110(3):381-404

The spatial representativeness of heat fluxes on the basis of single-tower measurements, and the mechanism of the so-called energy imbalance problem, are investigated through numerical experiments using large-eddy simulation (LES). LES experiments are done for the daytime atmospheric boundary layer heated over a flat surface, as a best-case scenario completely free of sensor errors and the uncertainties of field conditions. Imbalance is defined as the deviation of the `turbulent' heat flux at a grid point from the horizontally averaged `total' heat flux. Both the theoretical and numerical results of the present study suggest the limitation of single-tower measurements and the necessity of horizontally-distributed observation networks.The temporally averaged `turbulent' flux based on a point measurement systematically underestimates the `total' flux (negative imbalance). This is attributed to local advection effects caused by the existence of turbulent organized structures (TOS), whose time scale is much longer than that of thermal plumes. The temporal and spatial change of TOS patterns causes low-frequency trends in the velocity and temperature data resulting in large scatter of the flux estimates. The influences of geostrophic wind speed, averaging time, observation height, computational domain size and resolution on tower-measured fluxes are also discussed. Finally, it is suggested that a weak inhomogenity in surface heating may reduce the negative bias of flux estimates.  相似文献   

Large-Eddy Simulation of Coherent Turbulence Structures Associated with Scalar Ramps Over Plant Canopies   总被引：1，自引：9，他引：1  

Tsutomu Watanabe 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2004,112(2):307-341

Large-eddy simulations were performed of a neutrally-stratified turbulent flow within and above an ideal, horizontally- and vertically-homogeneous plant canopy. Three simulations were performed for shear-driven flows in small and large computational domains, and a pressure-driven flow in a small domain, to enable the nature of canopy turbulence unaffected by external conditions to be captured. The simulations reproduced quite realistic canopy turbulence characteristics, including typical ramp structures appearing in time traces of the scalar concentration near the canopy top. Then, the spatial structure of the organised turbulence that caused the scalar ramps was examined using conditional sampling of three-dimensional instantaneous fields, triggered by the occurrence of ramp structures. A wavelet transform was used for the detection of ramp structures in the time traces. The ensemble-averaged results illustrate that the scalar ramps are associated with the microfrontal structure in the scalar, the ejection-sweep structure in the streamwise and vertical velocities, a laterally divergent flow just around the ramp-detection point, and a positive, vertically-coherent pressure perturbation. These vertical structures were consistent with previous measurements made in fields or wind tunnels. However, the most striking feature is that the horizontal slice of the same structure revealed a streamwise-elongated region of high-speed streamwise velocity impacting on another elongated region of low-speed velocity. These elongated structures resemble the so-called streak structures that are commonly observed in near-wall shear layers. Since elongated structures of essentially similar spatial scales were observed in all of the runs, these streak structures appear to be inherent in near-canopy turbulence. Presumably, strong wind shear formed just above the canopy is involved in their formation. By synthesis of the ensemble-averaged and instantaneous results, the following processes were inferred for the development of scalar microfronts and their associated flow structures: (1) a distinct scalar microfront develops where a coherent downdraft associated with a high-speed streak penetrates into the region of a low-speed streak; (2) a stagnation in flow between two streaks of different velocities builds up a vertically-coherent high-pressure region there; (3) the pressure gradients around the high-pressure region work to reduce the longitudinal variations in streamwise velocity and to enhance the laterally-divergent flow and lifted updrafts downstream of the microfront; (4) as the coherent mother downdraft impinges on the canopy, canopy-scale eddies are formed near the canopy top in a similar manner as observed in conventional mixing-layer turbulence.  相似文献   

Shock compression of zirconia ZrO2 and zircon ZrSiO4 in the pressure range up to 150 GPa     

Tsutomu Mashimo  Kunihito Nagayama  Akira Sawaoka 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》1983,9(6):237-247

The shock compression state of zirconia ZrO₂ and zircon ZrSiO₄ in the pressure range up to 150 GPa (1.5 Mbar) are studied on the basis of the measurements of shock velocities, particle-velocity histories, free surface motions, and electrical conductivities. Zircon transforms, and zirconia probably does, to high pressure phases up to 90 GPa. The shock velocity (U _s ) — particle velocity (U _p ) Hugoniots can be described as U _s =4.38+1.37 U _p km/s above 90 GPa for ZrO₂, and U _s =6.50+0.49 U _p km/s (mixed phase region), and U _s =1.54+2.30 U _p km/s (high pressure phase region) for ZrSiO₄. The corrected isothermal densities of the high pressure phase ZrSiO₄ are roughly consistent with the isothermal ones of mixtures of ZrO₂ and SiO₂. Bulk sound velocities in the high-pressure phase region of these oxides are discussed in comparison with other dioxides. Electrical conductivities of these oxides increase from lower than 10^?12 S/m to greater than 10⁰ S/m in the shock-stress range up to 70 GPa, and remain as constant values up to higher than 100 GPa.  相似文献   

菲律宾地热场中矿物和地球化学条件对砷迁移的制约     

Chelo PASCUA  Tsutomu SATO  Glenn GOLLA 《地质学报》2006,80(4):616

砷总是与硫化物共同形成于地热环境中。然而,在地表氧化条件下硫化物与雨水接触后易溶解。在地热环境中硫化物溶解后的二次沉淀物对砷的迁移有着重大的影响。溶解的砷酸盐易被铁的氢氧化物固定,且铁的氢氧化物在大多数的地表氧化条件下都可以稳定存在。地热流体中无定形SiO_2的迅速沉淀和高岭石化可以固定大量的砷。这些硅酸盐可以稳定的存在于较宽泛的pH和氧化还原条件下。菲律宾地热场中矿物和地球化学条件对砷迁移的制约@Chelo PASCUA$Graduate School of Natural Scienceand Technology,Kanazawa University,Ishikawa,Japan …  相似文献   

Progressive metamorphism of the Taitao ophiolite; evidence for axial and off-axis hydrothermal alterations     

Takazo Shibuya  Tsuyoshi Komiya  Ryo Anma  Tsutomu Ota  Soichi Omori  Yoshiaki Kon  Shinji Yamamoto  Shigenori Maruyama 《Lithos》2007,98(1-4):233-260

We estimated metamorphic conditions for the  6 Ma Taitao ophiolite, associated with the Chile triple junction. The metamorphic grade of the ophiolite, estimated from secondary matrix minerals, changes stratigraphically downwards from the zeolite facies, through the prehnite–actinolite facies, greenschist facies and the greenschist–amphibolite transition, to the amphibolite facies. The metamorphic facies series corresponds to the low-pressure type. The metamorphic zone boundaries are subparallel to the internal lithological boundaries of the ophiolite, indicating that the metamorphism was due to axial hydrothermal alteration at a mid-ocean ridge.

Mineral assemblages and the compositions of veins systematically change from quartz-dominated, through epidote-dominated, to prehnite-dominated with increasing depth. Temperatures estimated from the vein assemblages range from  230 °C in the volcanic unit to  380 °C at the bottom of the gabbro unit, systematically  200 °C lower than estimates from the adjoining matrix minerals. The late development of veins and the systematically lower temperatures suggest that the vein-forming alteration was due to off-axis hydrothermal alteration.

Comparison between the Taitao ophiolite with its mid-ocean ridge (MOR) affinity, and other ophiolites and MOR crusts, suggests that the Taitao ophiolite has many hydrothermal alteration features similar to those of MOR crusts. This is consistent with the tectonic history that the Taitao ophiolite was formed at the South Chile ridge system near the South American continent (Anma, R., Armstrong, R., Danhara, T., Orihashi, Y. and Iwano, H., 2006. Zircon sensitive high mass-resolution ion microprobe U–Pb and fission-track ages for gabbros and sheeted dykes of the Taitao ophiolite, Southern Chile, and their tectonic implications. The Island Arc, 15(1): 130–142).  相似文献   

A Study of Tsunami Wave Fission in an Undistorted Experiment     

Masafumi Matsuyama  Masaaki Ikeno  Tsutomu Sakakiyama  Tomoyoshi Takeda 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2007,164(2-3):617-631

To study tsunami soliton fission and split wave-breaking, an undistorted experiment was carried out which investigated tsunami shoaling on a continental shelf. Three models of the continental shelf were set up in a 205-m long 2-dimensional flume. Each shelf model was 100 m, long with slopes of either 1/100, 1/150, or 1/200. Water surface elevations were measured across the flume, including a dense cluster of wave gages installed around the point of wave-breaking. We propose new methods for calculating wave velocity and the wave-breaking criterion based on our interpretation of time series data of water surface elevation. At the point of wave-breaking, the maximum slope of water surface is between 20 to 50 deg., while the ratio of surface water particle horizontal velocity to wave velocity is from 0.5 to 1.2. The values determined by our study are larger than what has been reported by other researchers.  相似文献   

Stable isotopic and geochemical characteristics of groundwater in Kherlen River basin, a semi-arid region in eastern Mongolia   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Maki Tsujimura  Yutaka Abe  Jun Shimada  Tsutomu Yamanaka  Dambaravjaa Oyunbaatar 《Journal of Hydrology》2007,333(1):47-57

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Lethality of increasing CO2 levels on deep-sea copepods in the western North Pacific     

Yuji Watanabe  Atsushi Yamaguchi  Hiroshi Ishida  Takashi Harimoto  Shinya Suzuki  Yoshio Sekido  Tsutomu Ikeda  Yoshihisa Shirayama  Masayuki Mac Takahashi  Takashi Ohsumi  Joji Ishizaka 《Journal of Oceanography》2006,62(2):185-196

The first CO₂ exposure experiments on several species of pelagic copepods inhabiting surface and deep layers in the western North Pacific were conducted. Living organisms were collected from two layers between the surface and 1,500 m between latitudes of 11 and 44°N, and they were exposed aboard ship to various pCO₂ up to about 98,000 μatm. Mortality of copepods from both shallow and deep layers in subarctic to subtropical regions increased with increasing pCO₂ and exposure time. Deep-living copepods showed higher tolerance to pCO₂ than shallow-living copepods. Furthermore, deep-living copepods from subarctic and transitional regions had higher tolerances than the subtropical copepods. The higher tolerances of the deep-living copepods from subarctic and transitional regions may be due to the adaptation to the natural pCO₂ conditions in the subarctic ocean.  相似文献