A Critical review of theoretical models of negatively polarized light scattered by atmosphereless solar system bodies     

Yu. G. Shkuratov  K. Muinonen  E. Bowell  K. Lumme  J. I. Peltoniemi  M. A. Kreslavsky  D. G. Stankevich  V. P. Tishkovetz  N. V. Opanasenko  L. Y. Melkumova 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》1994,65(3):201-246

About a dozen physical mechanisms and models aspire to explain the negative polarization of light scattered by atmosphereless celestial bodies. This is too large a number for the reliable interpretation of observational data. Through a comparative analysis of the models, our main goal is to answer the question: Does any one model have an advantage over the others? Our analysis is based on new laboratory polarimetric and photometric data as well as on theoretical results. We show that the widely used models due to Hopfield and Wolff cannot realistically explain the phase-angle dependence of the degree of polarization observed at small phase angles. The so-called interference or coherent backscattering mechanism is the most promising model. Models based on that mechanism use well-defined physical parameters to explain both negative polarization and the opposition effect. They are supported by laboratory experiments, particularly those showing enhancement of negative polarization with decreasing particle size down to the wavelength of light. According to the interference mechanism, pronounced negative branches of polarization, like those of C-class asteroids, may indicate a high degree of optical inhomogeneity of light-scattering surfaces at small scales. The mechanism also seems appropriate for treating the negative polarization and opposition effects of cometary dust comae, planetary rings, and the zodiacal light.  相似文献   

Light, radiofrequency emission and ionization effects associated with rock fracture   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

G. Martelli  P. N. Smith  A. J. Woodward 《Geophysical Journal International》1989,98(2):397-401

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Competition between benthic and pelagic microalgae for phosphorus and light – long-term experiments using artificial substrates     

Annika Pasternak  Helmut Hillebrand  Sabine Flöder 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》2009,71(2):238-249

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Automated Kerogen Classification in Microscope Images of Dispersed Kerogen Preparation     

L. I. Kuncheva  J. J. Charles  N. Miles  A. Collins  B. Wells  I. S. Lim 《Mathematical Geosciences》2008,40(6):639-652

We develop the classification part of a system that analyses transmitted light microscope images of dispersed kerogen preparation. The system automatically extracts kerogen pieces from the image and labels each piece as either inertinite or vitrinite. The image pre-processing analysis consists of background removal, identification of kerogen material, object segmentation, object extraction (individual images of pieces of kerogen) and feature calculation for each object. An expert palynologist was asked to label the objects into categories inertinite and vitrinite, which provided the ground truth for the classification experiment. Ten state-of-the-art classifiers and classifier ensembles were compared: Naïve Bayes, decision tree, nearest neighbour, the logistic classifier, multilayered perceptron (MLP), support vector machines (SVM), AdaBoost, Bagging, LogitBoost and Random Forest. The logistic classifier was singled out as the most accurate classifier, with an accuracy greater than 90. Using a 10 times 10-fold cross-validation provided within the Weka software, we found that the logistic classifier was significantly better than five classifiers (p<0.05) and indistinguishable from the other four classifiers. The initial set of 32 features was subsequently reduced to 6 features without compromising the classification accuracy. A further evaluation of the system alerted us to the possible sensitivity of the classification to the ground truth that might vary from one human expert to another. The analysis also revealed that the logistic classifier made most of the correct classifications with a high certainty.  相似文献   

天然闪锌矿可见光催化还原甲基橙的实验研究   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

李艳  鲁安怀  王长秋 《矿物岩石地球化学通报》2006,25(4):304-308

本文研究了可见光下天然闪锌矿的光催化还原能力,通过可见光下天然闪锌矿对甲基橙的光催化降解实验讨论了天然闪锌矿晶格中的杂质缺陷、导带能级位置、光生空穴捕获剂和溶液pH值对可见光催化降解效率的影响。结果表明,在抗坏血酸做空穴捕获剂的条件下,经2 h的可见光催化实验,甲基橙能被天然闪锌矿完全还原降解。天然闪锌矿晶格中丰富的杂质缺陷在禁带中形成杂质能级,可将闪锌矿对光的响应拓展到可见光的波长范围。与天然金红石相比,闪锌矿对甲基橙的较强光催化还原降解效果与其导带电子更负的氧化还原电势有关。此外,空穴捕获剂和pH值的选择都是影响催化效果的关键因素。天然闪锌矿在可见光催化降解污染物领域颇有应用前景。  相似文献   

原油生成温度计算的理论与实践     

唐友军  王铁冠 《矿物岩石地球化学通报》2007,26(3):218-220

定量求取原油的成熟度是目前尚未有效解决的问题。Mango发现4个C7的异构化合物相对组成有显著的不变性,提出了稳态催化轻烃成因模式。据该模式的2,4-/2,3-二甲基戊烷比值是一项纯温度参数,Bement和Mango等建立了该轻烃温度参数与埋深温度的函数关系式用于原油生成温度计算,为定量研究原油成熟度提供了新思路。本文以塔中地区为例,计算了原油的Mango参数,得到原油K1平均为1.06,在Mango给出的相对稳定范围。应用原油生成温度公式计算的原油生成温度为120~129℃,折算镜质组反射率R。=0.88%~0.90%,与新藿烷成熟度参数反映的成熟度特征相一致,说明该方法是可靠的。  相似文献   

基于偏振原理的水面反射光的剥离          下载免费PDF全文

周冠华  赵永超  耿修瑞  李小文 《水科学进展》2007,18(5):762-767

水面的镜面反射是影响水环境遥感的关键因素之一。通过分析气-水界面反射光的偏振特性,从多角度偏振遥感的角度,提出一种剥离水面反射光的方法,并通过室内实验进行了验证。将ASD光谱仪与线偏振片结合扩展成高光谱偏振传感器,获取不同观测天顶角时水面反射光的偏振光谱。结果表明,当探测角不满足布儒斯特角时,在偏振片的主消光方向能剥离绝大部分的水面反射光;当入射角越接近布儒斯特角,其剥离效果越佳;以布儒斯特角观测时,可以达到完全剥离的效果。即该方法能显著削弱、甚至完全剥离水面的反射光,直接获取离水辐亮度,对于提高水色遥感的精度有着重要的应用价值。  相似文献   

城市湖泊水华预警模型研究——以北京“六海”为例   总被引：16，自引：0，他引：16       下载免费PDF全文

曾勇  杨志峰  刘静玲 《水科学进展》2007,18(1):79-85

采用决策树方法和非线性回归方法建立湖泊水华预警模型。决策树方法预测水华爆发时机,非线性回归方法预测水华爆发强度,并运用信号灯显示方法,划分出水华爆发的预警区间。以北京六海为例,模型结果表明来水水量Q,温度T和总磷浓度是影响“六海”湖泊水华爆发的主要影响因子,选择叶绿素a(Chl-a)<30 μg/L的预警信号为绿色,30 μg/L60 μg/L为红色。当每月来水量Q>79.0万m3或来水量Q<79.0万m3,水温<13.4℃,预警指标为绿色;Q<79.0万m3,水温T>13.4℃,水华预警为黄色;Q<38.7万m3时,T>23.25℃,TP>0.13 mg/L,水华预警为红色。对模型结果分类进行了验证。结果表明:模型对于限制因素发生变化时的水华预测结果更为准确,并且结构简单,输入输出关系明显,结果易于解释。  相似文献   

用几何光学方法计算雨滴散射光偏振度     

张后发 《气象科技》2006,34(2):194-196

在几何光学范畴内得出雨滴散射光平行与垂直振动强度和偏振度表达式,计算了波长为0.5847μm的雨滴散射光偏振分布。结果表明:散射角在55°~75°范围内,为明显的折射式偏振区,偏振度在0.2~0.3之间;散射角为82°~100°时,是强反射式偏振区,偏振度在0.8以上,最高达0.95;散射角100°~142°时,偏振度变化迅速,形成了尖锐的凹点,其偏振度与相应方向虹、霓的偏振度接近。用几何光学方法计算雨滴散射光偏振度,不影响计算精度,运算量明显减小。  相似文献   

上地幔超高压流体的金刚石压砧实验研究     

胡书敏  张荣华  张雪彤 《地质学报》2006,80(10):1588-1597

地球深部流体主要是NaCl-H2O溶液,越到地球深部,它赋存的温度、压力越高,性质状态也不断变化,反之,亦然。当NaCl-H2O流体进入和脱离(上升过程)超临界状态时,其性质会发生截然不同的变化,影响着各种地质过程。使用金刚石压砧在高温高压下原位观测流体的实验,用谱学方法,结合同步辐射光源技术,成为定量化研究地球深部高温超高压流体的有效方法。作者使用同步辐射光源的红外谱研究了10GPa下的NaCl-H2O溶液;在地球化学动力学实验室研究了3GPa,650℃下的NaCl-H2O溶液红外谱,此测量方法可以提供温度压力和体积等数据,能研究其状态。NaCl-H2O溶液红外谱表明水分子主要振动谱受压力和温度影响是不同的。压力增加促使水分子主要振动谱向低波数变化。但是温度增加的效应相反。常温高压下水被压缩,结晶向紧密堆积变化。高温高压下的水有气、液、固和超临界流体各相。水分子间的氢键在近临界态开始减弱,氢键网络被破坏。  相似文献