Evaluation of snow products over the Tibetan Plateau          下载免费PDF全文

Juntao Yang  Lingmei Jiang  Cécile B. Ménard  Kari Luojus  Juha Lemmetyinen  Jouni Pulliainen 《水文研究》2015,29(15):3247-3260

Four satellite‐based snow products are evaluated over the Tibetan Plateau for the 2007–2010 snow seasons. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Terra and Aqua snow cover daily L3 Global 500‐m grid products (MOD10A1 and MYD10A1), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Interactive Multisensor Snow and Ice Mapping System (IMS) daily Northern Hemisphere snow cover product and the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer – Earth Observing System Daily Snow Water Equivalent were validated against Thematic Mapper (TM) snow cover maps of Landsat‐5 and meteorological station snow depth observations. The overall accuracy of MOD10A1, MYD10A1 and IMS is higher than 91% against stations observations and than 79% against Landsat TM images. In general, the daily MODIS snow cover products show better performance than the multisensor IMS product. However, the IMS snow cover product is suitable for larger scale (~4km) analysis and applications, with the advantage over MODIS to allow for mitigation for cloud cover. The accuracy of the three products decreases with decreasing snow depth. Overestimation errors are most common over forested regions; the IMS and Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer – Earth Observing System Snow Water Equivalent products also show poorer performance that the MODIS products over grassland. By identifying weaknesses in the satellite products, this study provides a focus for the improvement of snow products over the Tibetan plateau. The quantitative evaluation of the products proposed here can also be used to assess their relative weight in data assimilation, against other data sources, such as modelling and in situ measurement networks. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Quantifying snow water equivalent using terrestrial ground penetrating radar and unmanned aerial vehicle photogrammetry     

Semih Yildiz  Zuhal Akyurek  Andrew Binley 《水文研究》2021,35(5):e14190

This study demonstrates the potential value of a combined unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) Photogrammetry and ground penetrating radar (GPR) approach to map snow water equivalent (SWE) over large scales. SWE estimation requires two different physical parameters (snow depth and density), which are currently difficult to measure with the spatial and temporal resolution desired for basin-wide studies. UAV photogrammetry can provide very high-resolution spatially continuous snow depths (SD) at the basin scale, but does not measure snow densities. GPR allows nondestructive quantitative snow investigation if the radar velocity is known. Using photogrammetric snow depths and GPR two-way travel times (TWT) of reflections at the snow-ground interface, radar velocities in snowpack can be determined. Snow density (RSN) is then estimated from the radar propagation velocity (which is related to electrical permittivity of snow) via empirical formulas. A Phantom-4 Pro UAV and a MALA GX450 HDR model GPR mounted on a ski mobile were used to determine snow parameters. A snow-free digital surface model (DSM) was obtained from the photogrammetric survey conducted in September 2017. Then, another survey in synchronization with a GPR survey was conducted in February 2019 whilst the snowpack was approximately at its maximum thickness. Spatially continuous snow depths were calculated by subtracting the snow-free DSM from the snow-covered DSM. Radar velocities in the snowpack along GPR survey lines were computed by using UAV-based snow depths and GPR reflections to obtain snow densities and SWEs. The root mean square error of the obtained SWEs (384 mm average) is 63 mm, indicating good agreement with independent SWE observations and the error lies within acceptable uncertainty limits.  相似文献   

Improvement of snowpack simulations in a regional climate model     

Jiming Jin  Norman L. Miller 《水文研究》2011,25(14):2202-2210

To improve simulations of regional‐scale snow processes and related cold‐season hydroclimate, the Community Land Model version 3 (CLM3), developed by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), was coupled with the Pennsylvania State University/NCAR fifth‐generation Mesoscale Model (MM5). CLM3 physically describes the mass and heat transfer within the snowpack using five snow layers that include liquid water and solid ice. The coupled MM5–CLM3 model performance was evaluated for the snowmelt season in the Columbia River Basin in the Pacific Northwestern United States using gridded temperature and precipitation observations, along with station observations. The results from MM5–CLM3 show a significant improvement in the SWE simulation, which has been underestimated in the original version of MM5 coupled with the Noah land‐surface model. One important cause for the underestimated SWE in Noah is its unrealistic land‐surface structure configuration where vegetation, snow and the topsoil layer are blended when snow is present. This study demonstrates the importance of the sheltering effects of the forest canopy on snow surface energy budgets, which is included in CLM3. Such effects are further seen in the simulations of surface air temperature and precipitation in regional weather and climate models such as MM5. In addition, the snow‐season surface albedo overestimated by MM5–Noah is now more accurately predicted by MM5–CLM3 using a more realistic albedo algorithm that intensifies the solar radiation absorption on the land surface, reducing the strong near‐surface cold bias in MM5–Noah. The cold bias is further alleviated due to a slower snowmelt rate in MM5–CLM3 during the early snowmelt stage, which is closer to observations than the comparable components of MM5–Noah. In addition, the over‐predicted precipitation in the Pacific Northwest as shown in MM5–Noah is significantly decreased in MM5–CLM3 due to the lower evaporation resulting from the longer snow duration. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

近50年云南省降雪的气候变化特征   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

段长春  段旭  段苏芩  陶云  任菊章 《气象》2011,37(5):599-606

利用云南省1961-2008年120个测站逐日降雪资料,分析了云南省降雪频次和范围的时空特征和气候变化.结果表明:近50年云南省的年降雪频次和范围总体呈减少趋势,平均每年频次约减少4.5频次.各月的降雪频次和范围都呈负趋势.12月降雪频次减少趋势最显著,4月降雪范围减少趋势最显著.降雪频次长期趋势变化有明显的空间变化.对于年降雪频次西北部比东北部和东部减少得多,滇西北降雪频次每年约减少0.44频次.进一步对云南省年降雪量和积雪深度的长期趋势变化进行分析.云南省近50年,降雪范围逐步减少,年降雪量和平均最大积雪深度呈增加的趋势.说明近年来在云南气候趋于暖湿背景下,年降雪频次和范围呈逐渐减少趋势,但强降雪的频次却增加了.  相似文献   

2008年初冻雨强度变化以及与逆温层特征之间的关系   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

宗志平  马杰 《气象》2011,37(2):156-160

利用NCEP/NCAR 2008年1月10日至2月2日的再分析资料和常规地面观测资料分析了造成我国南方低温雨雪冰冻灾害的4次主要冻雨过程的强度变化特征以及在此期间逆温层的时空分布特征,并讨论了两者之间的联系.结果表明,四次冻雨过程第三次最强、第二次过程次之,第一次最弱.同时,无论从区域平均还是从水平分布上看,逆温层强度...  相似文献   

青藏高原冬季积雪年代际变化及对中国夏季降水的影响   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4       下载免费PDF全文

宋燕  张菁  李智方  赵平 《高原气象》2011,30(4):843-851

通过对1961-2006年青藏高原原始测站资料的筛选、剔除和插补等处理,得到了一套具有51站连续的、长序列的积雪观测资料。利用国家气候中心整理的1951-2006年中国160站月降水和月平均气温资料,分析了青藏高原冬、春季积雪年代际变化特征与中国夏季降水和气温的关系,并研究了全球变暖影响下青藏高原积雪对中国大陆对流层温...  相似文献   

华北南部一次回流暴雪天气的诊断分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

田秀霞  宋晓辉  程序  董占强  李菊香  聂振岭 《辽宁气象》2011,(1):35-39

利用常规观测资料和NCEP再分析资料,对发生在华北南部的一次回流暴雪天气过程进行了动力、热力等诊断分析。结果表明：该回流暴雪天气属于华北回流中的两槽一脊型,导致这次强降雪的影响系统是高空急流、西来槽、低涡切变和低空急流,东北冷空气起到了触发作用。最大降水出现在南北风转换阶段,当东北风完全控制低层,降水结束。高空辐散和低层辐合相叠置及高空正涡度的下传,有强降水的产生,但上升运动中心较低。降雪前的增暖增湿与低层冷空气的楔入使华北南部位于θse能量锋区和水汽辐合区内,有利于强降雪的产生。回流天气的水汽主要来自于南方,低层东北冷空气也有间接输送水汽作用。  相似文献   

上海地区低温、雨雪、冰冻灾害的风险区划   总被引：9，自引：3，他引：6  

贺芳芳  邵步粉 《气象科学》2011,31(1):33-39

首先根据1960-2008年上海地区11个气象站11月-次年4月的气象资料制定了上海市低温、雨雪、冰冻灾害过程的综合评估指标,接着依据自然灾害风险分析的原理和上海地区各区县的社会经济资料,运用地理信息系统技术(GIS)和加权综合评价法,进行了上海市低温、雨雪、冰冻灾害的致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境敏感性、承灾体易损性和抗灾...  相似文献   

中国西部积雪日数类型划分及与卫星遥感结果的比较   总被引：12，自引：6，他引：6  

何丽烨  李栋梁 《冰川冻土》2011,33(2):237-245

根据中国105°E以西地区232个地面气象台站1951-2004年积雪日数观测资料和1980-2004年SMMR、SSM/I逐日雪深资料,划分中国西部积雪类型并分析其年代际变化,并对两种资料的结果进行了比较.结果表明:北疆、天山和青藏高原东部地区年平均积雪日数大于60 d,为稳定积雪区;南疆盆地中心、四川盆地和云南省南...  相似文献   

Characteristics of abrupt changes of snow cover and seasonal freeze-thaw layer in the Tibetan Plateau and their impacts on summer precipitation in China     

Rong Gao  HaiLing Zhong  WenJie Dong  ZhiGang Wei 《寒旱区科学》2011,3(1):0024-0030

In this paper, a variation series of snow cover and seasonal freeze-thaw layer from 1965 to 2004 on the Tibetan Plateau has been established by using the observation data from meteorological stations. The sliding T-test, M-K test and B-G algorithm are used to verify abrupt changes of snow cover and seasonal freeze-thaw layer in the Tibetan plateau. The results show that the snow cover has not undergone an abrupt change, but the seasonal freeze-thaw layer obviously witnessed a rapid degradation in 1987, with the frozen soil depth being reduced by about 15 cm. It is also found that when there is less snow in the plateau region, precipitation in South China and Southwest China increases. But when the frozen soil is deep, precipitation in most of China apparently decreases. Both snow cover and seasonal freeze-thaw layer on the plateau can be used to predict the summer precipitation in China. However, if the impacts of snow cover and seasonal freeze-thaw layer are used at the same time, the predictability of summer precipitation can be significantly improved. The significant correlation zone of snow is located in middle reaches of the Yangtze River covering the Hexi Corridor and northeastern Inner Mongolia, and the seasonal freeze-thaw layer exists in Mt. Nanling, northern Shannxi and northwestern part of North China. The significant correlation zone of simultaneous impacts of snow cover and seasonal freeze-thaw layer is larger than that of either snow cover or seasonal freeze-thaw layer. There are three significant correlation zones extending from north to south: the north zone spreads from Mt. Daxinganling to the Hexi Corridor, crossing northern Mt. Taihang and northern Shannxi; the central zone covers middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River; and the south zone extends from Mt. Wuyi to Yunnan and Guizhou Plateau through Mt. Nanling.  相似文献