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1.
This paper analyzes the backscatter of the microwave signal in a boreal forest environment based on a Ku -band airborne Frequency-Modulated Continuous Waveform (FMCW) profiling radar—Tomoradar. We selected a half-managed boreal forest in the southern part of Finland for a field test. By decomposing the waveform collected by the Tomoradar, the vertical canopy structure was achieved. Based on the amplitude of the waveform, the Backscattered Energy Ratio of Canopy-to-Total (BERCT) was calculated. Meanwhile, the canopy fraction was derived from the corresponding point cloud recorded by a Velodyne VLP-16 LiDAR mounted on the same platform. Lidar-derived canopy fraction was obtained by counting the number of the first/ the strongest returns versus the total amount of returns. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of radar-derived BERCT on lidar-derived canopy fraction and canopy height are investigated. A fitted model is derived to describe the Ku-band microwave backscatter in the boreal forest to numerically analyze the proportion contributed by four factors: lidar-derived canopy fraction, radar-derived canopy height, the radar-derived distance between trees and radar sensor and other factors, from co-polarization Tomoradar measurements. The Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) of the proposed model was 0.0958, and the coefficient of determination R2 was 0.912. The fitted model reveals that the correlation coefficient between radar-derived BERCT and lidar-derived canopy fraction is 0.84, which illustrates that lidar surface reflection explains the majority of the profiling /waveform radar response. Thus, vertical canopy structure derived from lidar can be used for the benefit of radar analysis. 相似文献
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To support the adoption of precision agricultural practices in horticultural tree crops, prior research has investigated the relationship between crop vigour (height, canopy density, health) as measured by remote sensing technologies, to fruit quality, yield and pruning requirements. However, few studies have compared the accuracy of different remote sensing technologies for the estimation of tree height. In this study, we evaluated the accuracy, flexibility, aerial coverage and limitations of five techniques to measure the height of two types of horticultural tree crops, mango and avocado trees. Canopy height estimates from Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) were used as a reference dataset against height estimates from Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) data, WorldView-3 (WV-3) stereo imagery, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) based RGB and multi-spectral imagery, and field measurements. Overall, imagery obtained from the UAV platform were found to provide tree height measurement comparable to that from the TLS (R2 = 0.89, RMSE = 0.19 m and rRMSE = 5.37 % for mango trees; R2 = 0.81, RMSE = 0.42 m and rRMSE = 4.75 % for avocado trees), although coverage area is limited to 1–10 km2 due to battery life and line-of-sight flight regulations. The ALS data also achieved reasonable accuracy for both mango and avocado trees (R2 = 0.67, RMSE = 0.24 m and rRMSE = 7.39 % for mango trees; R2 = 0.63, RMSE = 0.43 m and rRMSE = 5.04 % for avocado trees), providing both optimal point density and flight altitude, and therefore offers an effective platform for large areas (10 km2–100 km2). However, cost and availability of ALS data is a consideration. WV-3 stereo imagery produced the lowest accuracies for both tree crops (R2 = 0.50, RMSE = 0.84 m and rRMSE = 32.64 % for mango trees; R2 = 0.45, RMSE = 0.74 m and rRMSE = 8.51 % for avocado trees) when compared to other remote sensing platforms, but may still present a viable option due to cost and commercial availability when large area coverage is required. This research provides industries and growers with valuable information on how to select the most appropriate approach and the optimal parameters for each remote sensing platform to assess canopy height for mango and avocado trees. 相似文献
3.
Reliable quantification of savanna vegetation structure is critical for accurate carbon accounting and biodiversity assessment under changing climate and land-use conditions. Inventories of fine-scale vegetation structural attributes are typically conducted from field-based plots or transects, while large-area monitoring relies on a combination of airborne and satellite remote sensing. Both of these approaches have their strengths and limitations, but terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) has emerged as the benchmark for vegetation structural parameterization – recording and quantifying 3D structural detail that is not possible from manual field-based or airborne/spaceborne methods. However, traditional TLS approaches suffer from similar spatial constraints as field-based inventories. Given their small areal coverage, standard TLS plots may fail to capture the heterogeneity of landscapes in which they are embedded. Here we test the potential of long-range (>2000 m) terrestrial laser scanning (LR-TLS) to provide rapid and robust assessment of savanna vegetation 3D structure at hillslope scales. We used LR-TLS to sample entire savanna hillslopes from topographic vantage points and collected coincident plot-scale (1 ha) TLS scans at increasing distances from the LR-TLS station. We merged multiple TLS scans at the plot scale to provide the reference structure, and evaluated how 3D metrics derived from LR-TLS deviated from this baseline with increasing distance. Our results show that despite diluted point density and increased beam divergence with distance, LR-TLS can reliably characterize tree height (RMSE = 0.25–1.45 m) and canopy cover (RMSE = 5.67–15.91%) at distances of up to 500 m in open savanna woodlands. When aggregated to the same sampling grain as leading spaceborne vegetation products (10–30 m), our findings show potential for LR-TLS to play a key role in constraining satellite-based structural estimates in savannas over larger areas than traditional TLS sampling can provide. 相似文献
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分析了当前地理信息系统运用和功能现状,提出了网格地理信息系统的4点技术特征,并在此基础上提出了一种以服务为中心的体系结构.针对面向对象空间数据模型无法描述许多广泛存在却无法用属性、方法和事件来描述的地理逻辑,以及空间数据语意不一致带来的数据集成和综合应用问题,提出了一种基于规则的空间数据组织模式.针对网格环境下空间信息的深度共享问题,提出了一种结合Multi-Agents和Web Services这两种分布式计算技术的空间信息服务模式. 相似文献
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传统安多地区藏式民居历史悠久,建筑特色鲜明,建造材料和建造工艺相对原始,川西北地区发生的几次地震中其抗震表现参差不齐。为了提高安多地区藏民的居住安全性,本文基于现场调研和文献资料分析,全面梳理了该地区民居的结构组成和构造特点,结合九寨沟地震中安多民居的震害特点和易损性特征,剖析了其抗震性能。研究表明:该类民居的建筑结构兼具藏式碉楼和汉式穿斗木构架的特征,易损性接近砖混结构;分层建造方式削弱结构竖向整体连续性,客观上通过层间错动有助于提高抗震耗能能力;结构体系混杂、砌筑墙体强度低、节点抗震性能不佳和楼屋盖自重大是其抗震主要薄弱环节。建议在保留建筑风貌的基础上优化结构体系,加强抗震连接构造,引入装配式建筑理念。 相似文献
9.
煤炭地质保障系统对煤矿的安全、高效生产具有非常重要的作用。煤矿地质保障系统开发面临数据来源多样、地质监测系统集成开发语言不统一、定制化软件导致地质保障平台在不同煤矿适应性差等问题。提出微服务的地质保障系统开发架构,架构分为3层,分别是应用层、平台层和基础设施层。微服务的地质保障架构规范了开发过程,简化了使用的技术栈,优化了系统集成开发流程;将通用的技术业务固化在开发架构,将需要集成的地质类子系统等专业属性强的业务通过微服务方式进行开发和部署运行,降低了开发、集成难度;使用Docker技术封装微服务镜像,让微服务的部署运行不再受到运行环境的影响,提高跨平台移植性,降低了系统的部署难度,缩短了部署时间。微服务地质保障系统架构在唐家会地质保障系统中的开发实践证明:架构的应用改变了现有地质保障类软件的开发模式,通用业务与专业类业务分离,以微服务的形式实现多专业应用集成,便于多团队并行开发,提高工作效率;微服务实现了系统内部各功能之间的高内聚低耦合,不同方法的钻探、物探等专业功能开发可独立完成,使后期运维、修改的可控性大大提高。 相似文献
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复合点坝储集层内部非均质性分析是曲流河研究的难点,仅靠地震和测井资料难以解释清楚。关于复合点坝储层构型表征也较缺乏定量化指导标准。本研究选取了13条曲流河河段的260个复合点坝作为数据样本,进行参数分类统计,形成曲流河复合点坝地质知识库。将复合点坝分为4大类、25个亚类;将侧积体分为8大类、22个亚类。统计不同类型复合点坝和侧积体构型样式的分布概率关系。以此为基础,充分利用定量分布概率关系,达到在资料较少情况下分析复合点坝储集层平面非均质性的目的。 相似文献