Landscape Controls on Structural Variation in Eucalypt Vegetation Communities: Woronora Plateau,Australia     

Ross B. Jenkins  Nicholas C. Coops 《The Australian geographer》2011,42(1):1-17

Quantification of landscape-based vegetation structural variation and pattern is a significant goal for a variety of ecological, monitoring and biodiversity studies. Vegetation structural metrics, derived from airborne laser scanning (ALS or aerial light detection and ranging—LiDAR) and QuickBird satellite imagery, were used to establish the degree of plot-based vegetation variation at a hillslope scale. Topographic position is an indicator of energy and water availability, and was quantified using DEM-based insolation and topographic wetness, respectively, stratifying areas into hot-warm-cold and wet-moist-dry topographic classes. A range of vegetation metrics—maximum and modal canopy height, crown cover, foliage cover, NDVI and semivariance—were compared among randomly selected plots from each topographic class. NDVI increases with increasing landscape wetness, whereas ALS-derived foliage cover decreases with increasing insolation. Foliage cover is well correlated with crown cover (R ² =0.65), and since foliage cover is readily calculable for whole-of-landscape application, it will provide valuable and complementary information to NDVI. Between-plot heterogeneity increases with increasing wetness and decreasing insolation, indicating that more sampling is required in these locations to capture the full range of landscape-based variability. Pattern analysis in landscape ecology is one of the fundamental requirements of landscape ecology, and the methods described here offer statistically significant, quantifiable and repeatable means to realise that goal at a fine spatial grain.  相似文献   

Coupling a two-way nested primitive equation model and a statistical SST predictor of the Ligurian Sea via data assimilation     

A. Barth  A. Alvera-Azcrate  J.-M. Beckers  M. Rixen 《Ocean Modelling》2006,13(3-4):255-270

A primitive equation model and a statistical predictor are coupled by data assimilation in order to combine the strength of both approaches. In this work, the system of two-way nested models centred in the Ligurian Sea and the satellite-based ocean forecasting (SOFT) system predicting the sea surface temperature (SST) are used. The data assimilation scheme is a simplified reduced order Kalman filter based on a constant error space. The assimilation of predicted SST improves the forecast of the hydrodynamic model compared to the forecast obtained by assimilating past SST observations used by the statistical predictor. This study shows that the SST of the SOFT predictor can be used to correct atmospheric heat fluxes. Traditionally this is done by relaxing the model SST towards the climatological SST. Therefore, the assimilation of SOFT SST and climatological SST are also compared.  相似文献   

双向定时近周日误差成分初步分析     

刘利  韩春好  唐波 《天文学进展》2007,25(3):279-283

该文介绍了利用地球同步卫星定位系统进行双向定时的基本原理,采用北京和乌鲁木齐两站的试验数据进行了计算分析,发现双向定时结果明显存在周期性变化,并且两地结果随地方时的变化趋势基本一致。谱分析表明:两站的主要周期谱基本一致,都比较明显地存在近周日和近半日变化。这种周期性变化可能主要由电离层延迟随地方时的变化引起。  相似文献   

夏季乌拉尔地区大气环流持续异常的形成与维持   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Li Shuanglin  Ji Liren  Lin Wantao 《大气科学进展》2001,18(5):819-830

从天气尺度瞬变涡旋与时间平均基本气流双向相互作用建立异常型的角度，研究了夏季乌拉尔地区大气环流持续异常的形成与维持，首先基于合成分析，研究了持续异常期间的天气尺度瞬变波活动情况，结果表明：正异常时，在上游地区，从北大西洋中部到西欧沿岸，瞬变活动明显增强。负异常过程时相反，该地区瞬变活动减弱。利用线性正压原始方程模式，研究了在合成正异常基本流及7月气候基本流等两种基本流下，正异常时上游异常瞬变活动对异常建立的贡献。结果表明：正异常时，上游增强的瞬变波活动有利于正异常的建立与维持。利用基于线性正压原始方程模式设计的风暴轴模式，研究了时间平均基本流在组织与调控瞬变活动中所起的作用。结果表明：当乌拉尔地区高压脊发展时，有利于瞬变在上游的北大西洋中部到西欧沿岸地区组织起来。脊发展越强，越有利。结合上述两方面的结果，提出了瞬变与行星波双向相互作用的乌拉尔持续正异常形成和自维持机制。  相似文献   

“96·8”特大暴雨和中尺度系统发展结构的非静力数值模拟   总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13  

冯伍虎  程麟生  程明虎 《气象学报》2001,59(3):294-307

1996年8月3～5日(“96  相似文献   

Geochemistry of the Jurassic and Upper Cretaceous shales from the Molango Region,Hidalgo, eastern Mexico: Implications for source-area weathering,provenance, and tectonic setting   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

John S. Armstrong-Altrin  Ramasamy Nagarajan  Jayagopal Madhavaraju  Leticia Rosalez-Hoz  Yong Il Lee  Vysetti Balaram  Adriana Cruz-Martínez  Gladis Avila-Ramírez 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2013,345(4):185-202

This study focuses on the Jurassic (Huayacocotla and Pimienta Formations) and Upper Cretaceous (Méndez Formation) shales from the Molango Region, Hidalgo, Mexico. In this article, we discuss the mineralogy, major, and trace element geochemistry of the Mesozoic shales of Mexico. The goal of this study is to constrain the provenance of the shales, which belong to two different periods of the Mesozoic Era and to understand the weathering conditions and tectonic environments of the source region.  相似文献   

Intrinsic versus extrinsic variability of analogue sand-box experiments – Insights from statistical analysis of repeated accretionary sand wedge experiments     

《Journal of Structural Geology》2015

Analogue models are not perfectly reproducible even under controlled boundary conditions which make their interpretation and application not always straight forward. As any scientific experiment they include some random component which can be influenced both by intrinsic (inherent processes) and extrinsic (boundary conditions, material properties) sources. In order to help in the assessment of analogue model results, we discriminate and quantify the intrinsic versus extrinsic variability of results from “sandbox” models of accretionary wedges that were repeated in a controlled environment. The extrinsic source of variability, i.e. the parameter varied is the nature of the décollement (material, friction and thickness). Experiment observables include geometric properties of the faults (lifetime, spacing, dip) as well as wedge geometry (height, slope, length).For each variable we calculated the coefficient of variance (CV) and quantified the variability as a symmetric distribution (Normal, Laplacian) or asymmetric distribution (Gamma) using a Chi squared test (χ²). Observables like fault dip/back thrust dip (CV = 0.6–0.7/0.2–0.6) are less variable and decrease in magnitude with decreasing basal friction. Variables that are time dependent like fault lifetime (CV = 0.19–0.56) and fault spacing (CV = 0.12 – 0.36) have a higher CV consequently affecting the variability of wedge slope (CV = 0.12–0.33). These observables also increase in magnitude with increasing basal friction. As the mechanical complexity of the evolving wedge increases over time so does the CV and asymmetry of the distribution. In addition, we confirm the repeatability of experiments using an ANOVA test. Through the statistical analysis of results from repeated experiments we present a tool to quantify variability and an alternative method to gaining better insights into the dynamic mechanics of deformation in analogue sand wedges.  相似文献   

Use of magnetic measures to assess soil redistribution following deforestation in hilly region   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Parisa Mokhtari Karchegani  Shamsollah Ayoubi  Sheng Gao Lu  Naser Honarju 《Journal of Applied Geophysics》2011,75(2):227-236

Limited information is available about the use of magnetic susceptibility property to determine soil redistribution in hilly areas of the semi-arid regions. This study was conducted to evaluate the use of magnetic properties to determine soil redistribution along a hill slope following deforestation. The study area is located in the Quaternary hilly region of Lordegan district in west Iran. Ten transects were established in two land uses that included natural Querqus forested and cultivated lands. Soil samples were collected at different positions along the slope and magnetic properties (χlf, χhf, SIRM, ARM, and χfd) and selected physico-chemical properties were determined. The results (based on the χfd, SIRM/ARM) showed that the magnetic susceptibly in the calcareous materials is pre-dominantly derived during the pedogenic processes and the superparamagnetic particles which were transported to lower positions of hill slope following deforestation. The results confirmed that this methodology could be applied for monitoring soil redistribution along the slope in calcareous hilly areas in the semi-arid regions.  相似文献   

Univariate data analysis system: deciphering mean compositions of island and continental arc magmas,and influence of the underlying crust     

《International Geology Review》2012,54(15):1922-1940

Our aim is to determine the mean compositions of modern island and continental arcs, along with dispersion estimates, and use them to evaluate their similarities and differences in such subduction settings. First, following the conventional approach, the statistical parameters of mean, median, and standard deviation were simply calculated from the available combined data from all island or continental arcs. However, it is mandatory to ascertain from significance tests that all island or continental arcs used for these estimates are statistically similar in their compositions before combining the data from different arcs and calculating the mean values and their uncertainties for the chemical parameters of interest. A new computer program, Univariate Data Analysis System (UDASYS), was developed for this purpose because the available programs are not efficient for applying the significance test of analysis of variance (ANOVA) to large numbers of sample groups, as in the present work. Compositional data for 16 island and 12 continental arcs around the world were compiled and processed in UDASYS. The best compositional estimates for all three types of magmas (basic, intermediate, and acid) from island and continental arcs were statistically evaluated to document, for the first time, significant differences for 64–94% of the geochemical parameters under study. These differences in large-ion lithophile elements, light rare earth elements, high-field strength elements, and numerous log-ratios are likely caused by different types of underlying crust beneath island and continental arcs. More specifically, the examination of two nearby arcs, Izu-Bonin (island) arc and Japan (continental) arc, confirmed that about 65–77% of the parameters showed significant differences, which may be related to the different types of crusts beneath these spatially close areas. The differences between the log-ratios of island and continental arc basic magmas further indicate that new multi-dimensional discrimination diagrams can certainly be proposed in future to discriminate such basic magmas from these two very similar tectonic settings, which at present is possible only from diagrams for intermediate and acid magmas.  相似文献   

南京市居民网络购物行为特征——以书籍和衣服为例   总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2  

章雨晴  甄峰  张永明 《地理科学进展》2016,35(4):476-486

随着信息通讯技术(ICT)的飞速发展,网络购物日益成为当今社会经济生活的重要组成部分,深刻影响了居民的购物消费行为和传统零售业的发展。不同国家、不同人群、不同商品类型的居民购物行为具有一定差异。本文在问卷调查的基础上,分析南京市居民网络购物行为特征,并区分不同商品类型的居民网购行为特征差异,对理解网络购物和实体购物相互作用关系及网购对于交通出行和城市零售业空间的影响具有重要意义。结果表明：居民网络购物行为是一个复杂的过程,不同类型商品、不同频率网购人群在社会经济属性、空间特征、网络使用及购物习惯、购物态度上有明显差异,其中不同频率网购衣服的人群在特征上的差异更为显著,体验型商品对网络购物这一新型购物方式的响应更为强烈。  相似文献