首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
文章检索
  按 检索   检索词:      
出版年份:   被引次数:   他引次数: 提示:输入*表示无穷大
  收费全文   9416篇
  免费   1501篇
  国内免费   768篇
测绘学   1698篇
大气科学   752篇
地球物理   2543篇
地质学   2705篇
海洋学   1593篇
天文学   227篇
综合类   883篇
自然地理   1284篇
  2024年   4篇
  2023年   62篇
  2022年   183篇
  2021年   325篇
  2020年   380篇
  2019年   301篇
  2018年   294篇
  2017年   454篇
  2016年   389篇
  2015年   427篇
  2014年   541篇
  2013年   689篇
  2012年   581篇
  2011年   613篇
  2010年   521篇
  2009年   532篇
  2008年   642篇
  2007年   622篇
  2006年   589篇
  2005年   494篇
  2004年   425篇
  2003年   356篇
  2002年   371篇
  2001年   275篇
  2000年   232篇
  1999年   258篇
  1998年   211篇
  1997年   184篇
  1996年   130篇
  1995年   121篇
  1994年   93篇
  1993年   87篇
  1992年   58篇
  1991年   45篇
  1990年   42篇
  1989年   30篇
  1988年   29篇
  1987年   22篇
  1986年   10篇
  1985年   15篇
  1984年   14篇
  1983年   8篇
  1982年   8篇
  1981年   3篇
  1980年   2篇
  1979年   2篇
  1976年   3篇
  1973年   1篇
  1971年   2篇
  1954年   4篇
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Prestack depth migration is a key technology for imaging complex reservoirs in media with strong lateral velocity variations. Prestack migrations are broadly separated into ray-based and wave-equation-based methods. Because of its efficiency and flexibility, ray-based Kirchhoff migration is popular in the industry. However, it has difficulties in dealing with the multi-arrivals, caustics and shadow zones. On the other hand, wave-equation-based methods produce images superior to that of the ray-based methods, but they are expensive numerically, especially methods based on two-way propagators in imaging large regions. Therefore, reverse time migration algorithms with Gaussian beams have recently been proposed to reduce the cost, as they combine the high computational efficiency of Gaussian beam migration and the high accuracy of reverse time migration. However, this method was based on the assumption that the subsurface is isotropic. As the acquired azimuth and maximum offsets increase, taking into account the influence of anisotropy on seismic migration is becoming more and more crucial. Using anisotropic ray tracing systems in terms of phase velocity, we proposed an anisotropic reverse time migration using the Gaussian beams method. We consider the influence of anisotropy on the propagation direction and calculate the amplitude of Gaussian beams with optimized correlation coefficients in dynamic ray tracing, which simplifies the calculations and improves the applicability of the proposed method. Numerical tests on anisotropic models demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method, which can be used to image complex structures in the presence of anisotropy in the overburden.  相似文献   
2.
地震剖面中的绕射点反应地下断层、尖灭、溶洞等不连续体的位置信息,因此绕射波对于实现小尺度构造的精细成像具有重要意义.基于逆时偏移的绕射波成像方案包括乘法成像条件法和倾角域拾取法.乘法成像条件利用正\负倾角构造剖面相乘实现绕射点的定位,倾角域拾取法则根据绕射波能量在角度域的特征进行拾取.其中,通过Hilbert变换和伴随波场的延拓可以实现波场的方向分解,从而实现单一倾向构造的成像并改善倾角道集的质量.本文也对无需方向分解的正\负倾角构造成像公式进行了推导.逆时偏移作为一种全波成像方法,所得剖面本身包含绕射点信息,因此本文通过图像处理方法提取绕射点位置.这一方法具有成本低、扩展性强、可对剖面做局部化处理的特点.  相似文献   
3.
Upland river systems in the UK are predicted to be prone to the effects of increased flood magnitudes and frequency, driven by climate change. It is clear from recent events that some headwater catchments can be very sensitive to large floods, activating the full sediment system, with implications for flood risk management further down the catchment. We provide a 15-year record of detailed morphological change on a 500-m reach of upland gravel-bed river, focusing upon the geomorphic response to an extreme event in 2007, and the recovery in the decade following. Through novel application of two-dimensional (2D) hydrodynamic modelling we evaluate the different energy states of pre- and post-flood morphologies of the river reach, exploring how energy state adjusts with recovery following the event. Following the 2007 flood, morphological adjustments resulted in changes to the shear stress population over the reach, resulting in higher shear stresses. Although the proportion of shear stresses in excess of those experienced using the pre-flood digital elevation model (DEM) varied over the recovery period, they remained substantially in excess of those experienced pre-2007, suggesting that there is still potential for enhanced bedload transport and morphological adjustment within the reach. Although volumetric change calculated from DEM differencing does indicate a reduction in erosion and deposition volumes in the decade following the flood, we argue that the system still has not fully recovered to the pre-flood state. We further argue that Thinhope Burn, and other similarly impacted catchments in upland environments, may not recover under the wet climatic phase currently being experienced. Hence systems like Thinhope Burn will continue to deliver large volumes of sediment further down river catchments, providing new challenges for flood risk management into the future.  相似文献   
4.
陈娜  任安之  马伯  黎璟玉  向辉 《地理学报》2021,76(1):153-166
发达国家的经验表明,基于低影响开发的雨洪管理措施可以有效缓解城市雨洪灾害。聚焦中国海绵城市建设过程中新旧城区的关联性问题,提出“现状评估—低影响开发指标分解—建设效果模拟验证”的雨洪管控路径。以湖南省凤凰县为例,基于城市内涝模型,对新旧城区进行雨洪风险性评估与改造可行性评估,在现状评估基础上,构建低影响开发控制指标分解体系,实现低影响开发理念和技术从宏观控制策略到详细规划过程中的落实,最后通过内涝节点的滞水量计算验证雨洪管控效果。结果表明:凤凰县旧城区所面临的雨洪淹没风险高于新城区;旧城区现状年径流总量控制率明显低于新城区,且旧城区改造可行性较低。在新旧城区协调统筹的整体性视角下,构建“城区—街区—地块”的三级指标分解体系可以实现径流总量与峰值的消减,但在暴雨情境下,单独依靠低影响开发措施缓解内涝较为困难,基于滞水量完善灰色基础设施可以有效控制短时强降雨导致的雨洪灾害。  相似文献   
5.
Coastal dunes provide essential protection for infrastructure in developed regions, acting as the first line of defence against ocean-side flooding. Quantifying dune erosion, growth and recovery from storms is critical from management, resiliency and engineering with nature perspectives. This study utilizes 22 months of high-resolution terrestrial LiDAR (Riegl VZ-2000) observations to investigate the impact of management, anthropogenic modifications and four named storms on dune morphological evolution along ~100 m of an open-coast, recently nourished beach in Nags Head, NC. The influences of specific management strategies – such as fencing and plantings – were evaluated by comparing these to the morphologic response at an unmanaged control site at the USACE Field Research Facility (FRF) in Duck, NC (33 km to the north), which experienced similar environmental forcings. Various beach-dune morphological parameters were extracted (e.g. backshore-dune volume) and compared with aeolian and hydrodynamic forcing metrics between each survey interval. The results show that LiDAR is a useful tool for quantifying complex dune evolution over fine spatial and temporal scales. Under similar forcings, the managed dune grew 1.7 times faster than the unmanaged dune, due to a larger sediment supply and enhanced capture through fencing, plantings and walkovers. These factors at the managed site contributed to the welding of the incipient dune to the primary foredune over a short period of less than a year, which has been observed to take up to decades in natural systems. Storm events caused alongshore variable dune erosion primarily to the incipient dune, yet also caused significant accretion, particularly along the crest at the managed site, resulting in net dune growth. Traditional empirical Bagnold equations correlated with observed trends of backshore-dune growth but overpredicted magnitudes. This is likely because these formulations do not encompass supply-limiting factors and erosional processes. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   
6.
The time it takes water to travel through a catchment, from when it enters as rain and snow to when it leaves as streamflow, may influence stream water quality and catchment sensitivity to environmental change. Most studies that estimate travel times do so for only a few, often rain-dominated, catchments in a region and use relatively short data records (<10 years). A better understanding of how catchment travel times vary across a landscape may help diagnose inter-catchment differences in water quality and response to environmental change. We used comprehensive and long-term observations from the Turkey Lakes Watershed Study in central Ontario to estimate water travel times for 12 snowmelt-dominated headwater catchments, three of which were impacted by forest harvesting. Chloride, a commonly used water tracer, was measured in streams, rain, snowfall and as dry atmospheric deposition over a 31 year period. These data were used with a lumped convolution integral approach to estimate mean water travel times. We explored relationships between travel times and catchment characteristics such as catchment area, slope angle, flowpath length, runoff ratio and wetland coverage, as well as the impact of harvesting. Travel time estimates were then used to compare differences in stream water quality between catchments. Our results show that mean travel times can be variable for small geographic areas and are related to catchment characteristics, in particular flowpath length and wetland cover. In addition, forest harvesting appeared to decrease mean travel times. Estimated mean travel times had complex relationships with water quality patterns. Results suggest that biogeochemical processes, particularly those present in wetlands, may have a greater influence on water quality than catchment travel times.  相似文献   
7.
利用完备经验模态分解方法(CEEMD)对我国沿海地区6个GNSS基准站(2010—2018)的高程时序数据进行了处理分析。结果表明:CEEMD在高程时间序列分析中具有一定的优越性,可准确分解出各GNSS站高程时序中存在的周、月、季节、年等变化周期项,其中周年运动是主要贡献项,各站高程时间序列的短周期变化与潮汐变化周期具有密切关联性;沿海GNSS站的地面沉降既具有区域的一致性,又存在区域间差异性,其中D区DBJO、DZJJ站呈现先下降后上升的趋势,N区NZUH、NWZU站呈下降趋势,B区的BZMW呈上升趋势,而同海区的BLHT站则呈显著的下降趋势。  相似文献   
8.
陆基增强系统(GBAS)是利用载波相位平滑伪距差分修正实现对导航辅助定位的. 其中,平滑时间常数是影响载波相位平滑伪距精度的关键参数. 本文分析研究了不同平滑时间下电离层时间梯度和空间梯度对Hatch滤波的影响. 在结合电离层时空梯度和多径效应引起的滤波总误差方差的基础上,推导出自适应的最优平滑时间常数. 分别对GBAS静态和动态两种环境下的定位误差进行实验,实验结果表明,采用本文推导出的自适应平滑时间常数降低了GBAS伪距测量误差,从而使定位精度得到增强.   相似文献   
9.
为探明气候变化下干旱半干旱地区湿草甸参考作物蒸散发(ET0)影响因子,使用FAO 56 P-M模型对科尔沁湿草甸ET0进行模拟,利用涡度相关系统对模型的适用性进行评价,并通过通径分析及指标敏感性分析对ET0的影响因子进行辨识。结果表明:(1)小时尺度模拟精度最高,日尺度次之,月尺度较差,小时尺度上晴、阴、雨3种天气条件下模拟效果不同,晴天最优,阴雨天较差。(2)ET0年内变化呈单峰曲线状,生长季明显高于非生长季,集中在3—10月,占全年89.79%。生长季典型晴天ET0逐小时分布特征遵循倒“U”单峰型变化规律。(3)通径分析结果显示,对ET0的通径系数以及对回归方程估测可靠程度E的总贡献均表现为VPD(饱和水汽压差) > Tmin(最低气温) > Rn(冠层表面净辐射)>u2(2 m高度风速),即VPD为影响ET0最重要的因子;指标敏感性分析中,在去除VPD后引起的E变化最大,说明ET0VPD的变化最为敏感,其次为u2TminRn。  相似文献   
10.
向云波  王圣云 《热带地理》2020,40(3):408-421
人口流动影响新冠肺炎疫情传播与风险扩散。基于百度迁徙大数据和各省市区卫生健康委员会数据,结合地理信息技术,研究了2020年1月1日至3月5日136个城市新冠肺炎疫情扩散与武汉市人口流出的空间关系及其对我国城市公共卫生治理启示。研究表明:1)中国新冠肺炎疫情扩散过程具有阶段性特征,经历了疫情发生与隐性扩散、快速扩散与暴发、扩散遏制和扩散衰减4个阶段。2)研究时间段武汉市人口主要流向湖北省境内以及周边省市和北京、上海、广州、深圳等一线城市,具有地理邻近性和倾向区域中心城市的人口流入特征。受地理距离、时间成本、社会经济联系、境外输入等因素的影响,新冠肺炎疫情空间分布的不平衡性明显,长江中游城市群、京津冀城市群、长三角城市群、粤港澳大湾区和成渝城市群成为新冠肺炎疫情集中分布的重点区域,一些重点出入境口岸城市的新冠疫情扩散风险较大。3)新冠肺炎疫情扩散与人口流出之间具有较强的正向等级相关性。两者之间的空间关系可以分为8种调控类型,近90%的城市具有人口流入多、确诊病例数高或人口流入少、确诊病例数低的特征。其中,人口流入多、确诊病例数高的城市主要集中分布在湖北省境内以及中国重点城市群的中心城市,其防控压力来自人口流入多、确诊病例数高带来的疫情扩散风险;而人口流入少、确诊病例数低的城市分布较为分散,其防控的难点在于提高防控对策的精准性。我国疫情防控取得了显著成效,但随着时间的演进全球疫情形势反弹的不确定性仍然存在,外防输入、内防反弹的压力依然很重,现阶段乃至未来一段时期,疫情防控将伴随中国经济社会发展成为新常态。建议针对8种调控类型,从人口流动、交通和资源等引导与管控方面分类提出精细化的疫情防控策略,提升城市公共卫生治理能力。  相似文献   
设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号