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上海气温变化及城市化影响初步分析 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
为研究在全球变化背景下上海市区气温变化规律和城市化进程对其影响,分析了上海市区气温对全球变暖的响应,对比了市区和郊区气温在不同气候背景下的变化趋势,采用与郊区台站对比法分析了上海市区气温城市化效应,研究了城市化进程与气温各分量长期变化趋势之间的关系,将高空与地面观测资料相结合,定量估算了城市化效应对平均气温的贡献,初步讨论了气温的城市化效应成因。研究结果表明：1873~2004年上海市区年平均气温的长期变化趋势为1.31 ℃/(100 a),在1921~1948年和1979~2004年两个时期增温明显,其中第二段增温强于第一段;与郊区站点相比,市区在降温期内降温最小,增温期内升温幅度最大;城市发展导致市区和郊区气温有显著差别且温差逐年加大,其中平均气温和最低气温在秋季的差别最大,最高气温市区和郊区之间差别在夏季最大;城市化进程加快了地面气温升高的速率,其中以最低气温最为明显;在1980年代城市化效应使上海市区年平均温度平均升高0.4 ℃,在1990年代平均升高1.1 ℃。 相似文献
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通过对国外各类海气耦合模式及其预报试验的综合分析，从海气耦合模式的分类、模式气候漂移和ENSO年际变化的处理、模式分辨率、耦合方式和模式参数的变化对模式年际变化的影响、ENSO年际预报与预报起始时间和资料的关系、ENSO和季风的海陆气耦合系统等方面评述了影响季和年际数值预报水平的有关问题及发展现状，并对开展我国相应试验研究工作提出了看法。 相似文献
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使用中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学和地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室(LASG/IAP)发展的大气环流谱模式SAMIL(R42L9),进行了有、无青藏高原对亚洲夏季风北边缘影响的数值模拟。结果表明,青藏高原大地形对夏季风北边缘活动有重要影响。有(无)高原时,其东侧的偏南风较强(弱)、较深(浅),向北扩展偏北(南),有(不)利于引导和加强夏季风北上,使北边缘偏北(南);同时,西太平洋副热带高压偏北偏西(偏南偏东),也有(不)利于夏季风向北深入我国大陆,从而使夏季风北边缘偏北(南)。与之相对应的夏季风降水区也偏北(南)。 相似文献
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Based on the daily maximum temperature data covering the period 1961-2005, temporal and spatial characteristics and their changing in mean annual and monthly high temperature days (HTDs) and the mean daily maximum temperature (MDMT) during annual and monthly HTDs in East China were studied. The results show that the mean annual HTDs were 15.1 and the MDMT during annual HTDs was 36.3℃ in the past 45 years. Both the mean annual HTDs and the MDMT during annual HTDs were negative anomaly in the1980s and positive anomaly in the other periods of time, oscillating with a cycle of about 12-15 years. The mean annual HTDs were more in the southern part, but less in the northern part of East China. The MDMT during annual HTDs was higher in Zhejiang, Anhui and Jiangxi provinces in the central and western parts of East China. The high temperature process (HTP) was more in the southwestern part, but less in northeastern part of East China. Both the HTDs and the numbers of HTP were at most in July, and the MDMT during monthly HTDs was also the highest in July. In the first 5 years of the 21st century, the mean annual HTDs and the MDMT during annual HTDs increased at most of the stations, both the mean monthly HTDs and the MDMT during monthly HTDs were positive anomalies from April to October, the number of each type of HTP generally was at most and the MDMT in each type of HTP was also the highest. 相似文献
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基于CMIP5多模式集合资料的中国气温和降水预估及概率分析 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
选用国际耦合模式比较计划第五阶段（CMIP5）提供的30个全球大气-海洋耦合模式（AOGCMs）在典型浓度路径（RCPs）情景下气温和降水量的预估结果,采用扰动法,用站点观测资料作为气候背景场替代AOGCM模拟的气候平均,尝试校正气候预估结果的系统性偏差。通过集合方法,用概率的形式给出中国平均气温升高1 ℃,2 ℃和3 ℃以及降水量增加10%,20%和30%概率的空间分布,讨论了中国未来平均气温和降水量可能的变化。结果表明：经过扰动法处理后的气温和降水量预估集合保留了当前气候的局地信息。预估平均气温在中国均有上升,北方地区尤其是青藏高原地区变暖的程度大于南方地区,北方大部分地区平均气温升高的趋势为0.28 ℃/10a。在21世纪初,中国北方地区年平均气温升高1 ℃的可能性超过50%。到了21世纪末期,中国大部分地区平均气温升高2 ℃的可能性超过60%,新疆北部以及青藏高原南部地区气温升高3 ℃的可能性超过50%。预估中国降水量普遍增多,中国北方地区降水量增多的程度要明显大于江淮流域及其以南地区,尤其是西北地区降水量增多非常显著,降水量增多30%的可能性超过70%以上。 相似文献
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China lies in East-Asian monsoon region,which is one of the well-known active monsoonzones around the world.Monsoon anomaly results in frequent natural disasters,such as drought,torrential rain and flood.In 1998,joint intensified observations for 4 major meteorologicalscientific experiments have been carried out over Chinese major monsoon affected areas.A numberof valuable data have been obtained and some observational facts have come out after initialanalysis.The present paper is to give an introduction to the 4 major meteorological scientificexperiments conducted in 1998 in China.including its origin and scientific goals,implementationand planning,equipment and progress,and initial findings from the important observational facts.It aims to provide a comprehensive report on the progress of the above experiments for those whoare interested in. 相似文献
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Using daily rainfall data of 11 observatory stations over Shanghai for the period 1960-2007,the spatial differences of rainfall over the Shanghai region during periods with slow and rapid urbanization respectively are investigated based on spatial standard deviation of rainfall and its relative variables.Results show that spatial differences increase with the acceleration of urbanization.Spatial distributions of annual rainfall and rainstorm frequency exhibit distinct urban ’rain-island’ features during the rapid period of urbanization(1960-1983) while it is opposite in the case of slow urbanization(1984-2007).Changes in the spatial distribution of annual rainfall trends also take place during different periods.Specifically,the variation of annual rainfall exhibits consistent trends over the Shanghai region in the slow urbanization periods.However,inconsistent spatial distribution of variations has taken place over the central districts and suburbs of Shanghai during the rapid urbanization stage.Since the speeding-up of urbanization,the annual rainfall amount over central districts of Shanghai tends to increase while that in the suburbs shows a decreasing trend.In addition,as far as different seasons are concerned,the speed of urbanization exerts insignificant influences on the spatial distribution of rainfall during winter and spring.On the contrary,the rainfall during summer and autumn(especially summer) is featured with an island effect during the rapid urbanization period. 相似文献
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本文以综合分析世界气象组织(World Meteorological Organization,WMO)气象服务发展战略的实施、相关计划活动的组织以及有关国家气象部门的成功示范为基础,结合近一段时间参与未来气象服务战略的制定与推动工作的实践,从五个方面阐述了其发展方向、主要内涵与重点。其中包括:(1)关于WMO气象服务战略及实施的思路;(2)强化与促进在政府应急管理(ERA)和防灾减灾(DRR),构建社会抗灾能力(Resilience)中作用的发挥;(3)鼓励与推动建设气候服务用户交互平台(UIP)与综合天气、气候、水和环境相关服务系统的实践;(4)鼓励与指导以无缝隙业务技术[各种专业领域如海洋气象、各类预报预测技术(次季节-季节预测技术)等]为支撑的新型服务业务的发展;(5)鼓励与推动构建智慧(Smart)型公共服务体系的建设。重点论述如何充分应用现代信息网络与通信技术,建立智能化信息平台,通过气象信息提供方式的变化,增强信息提供的技术含量及提供的个性化与互动能力;发挥社会资源及媒体在气象服务中的重要作用与积极作用;体现"以人为本",关注健康、关注环境、关注出行、关注安全等的理念,实现气象服务社会价值,体现气象服务群体的社会责任等内容。与此同时,本文还从青年人的担当与责任的角度,阐述了(1)青年人的社会责任,勇当服务先进文化的践行者;(2)努力学习,积极创新,做好应用气象的技术准备与技能储备,发挥好新型服务的主力军作用;(3)勇于创业,在未来政府气象管理、社会化、市场化气象服务中建功立业;阐明了对如何发挥青年人在新型气象服务社会架构中的作用的意见。 相似文献
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甘肃河西走廊春季强沙尘暴与低空急流 总被引：20，自引：8，他引：12
使用NCEP/NCAR全球再分析网格点资料(2.5°×2.5°纬度/经度)和我国区域性沙尘暴过程历史资料,分析了春季大气环流特征及低空急流与甘肃河西走廊春季强沙尘暴的关系。结果表明,在东亚中纬度高空维持纬向强急流锋区的情况下,极易造成甘肃河西走廊春季强沙尘暴的低空急流产生。揭示了沙尘暴形成的大尺度环流动力影响因子的事实,指出可将产生这种低空急流特征的西风带大型环流的调整过程,作为甘肃河西走廊春季强沙尘暴天气的预警信号,而低空急流的位置及强度又可作为沙尘暴强度及沙尘暴发生和影响区的预报指标。 相似文献