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利用2014—2017年山西省地面和高空气象观测资料、NCEP/NCAR FNL再分析资料、山西及周边地区多普勒天气雷达资料,对山西冬半年雨转雪过程进行归类与分析,探讨地面气温在降水相态转换中的作用,提取降水相态转换的前兆信息。针对降雪过程,统计分析降雪量和积雪深度增量的关系,总结提炼积雪深度预报指标。最后,选取气候特征相似的两次雨转雪过程进行对比分析,揭示降水相态转换的物理机制。结果表明:(1)山西省11月发生雨转雪的站次最多,其次为2月。地面气温作为降水相态变化的重要指标,其与气候和天气(如冷空气强度和路径)特征、地理位置等有关。(2)山西冬半年积雪深度增量与降雪量比值约0.68 cm·mm~(-1),且比值随着气温降低而增大,因此存在明显的时空差异。(3)在雨转雪的不同时段,随着对流层低层降温,冰雪层厚度在总云层的比例有所增加,且云中固态凝结物下落路径缩短,使得固态凝结物在下落过程中融化概率减小,造成相态变化。 相似文献
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By using the conventional observations, radar data, NCEP/NCAR FNL 1o×1o reanalysis data and numerical simulation data and with the construction and calculation of radar echo parameters, this paper presents the structural characteristics and physical processes of a short-time heavy precipitation supercell that occurred in the squall line process in Shanxi Province on 24 June 2020. The results show that this squall line event occurred in front of a surface cold front, combined with infiltration of low-level cold air and continuous increase of near-surface humidity in the afternoon. The surface mesoscale convergence line and mesoscale dew point front contributed to the development and systemization of the squall line by a large degree. The short-time extremely heavy precipitation in Pingshun County was caused by the development of a supercell from thunderstorm cells on the front side of the squall line. The characteristics of sharp increase in vertical integral liquid water content, persistent increase in reflectivity factor and continuous rise in the echo top height appeared about 23 min earlier than the severe precipitation, which has qualitative indicating significance for the nowcasting of short-time heavy precipitation. A quantitative analysis of the radar echo parameters suggests that the “sudden drop”of FV40 was a precursor signal of cells’coalescence and rapid development to the mature stage. The areal change of the echo core at the 6 km height was highly subject to the merging and developing of cells, the rapid change of hydrometeor particles in clouds and the precipitation intensity. Changes in the cross-sectional area of convective cells at different heights can indirectly reflect the changes of liquid particles and ice particles in clouds, which is indicatively meaningful for predicting the coalescing and developing-to-maturing of cells and heavy precipitation 30-45 min earlier. A comprehensive echo parameter prediction model constructed by the random forest principle can predict the magnitude of short-time heavy precipitation 40-50 min in advance. Numerical simulation reveals that large amounts of water vapor existed in the near-surface atmosphere, and that the cells rapidly obtained moisture from the ambient atmosphere and developed rapidly through maternal feeding. The cold cloud zone was narrow, upright and had a high stretch height. The upward motion in clouds was strong and deep, and very rich in liquid water content. The graupel particles had a large vertical distribution range, the coexistence area of graupel and snow was large, the height of raindrops was close to the surface with a wide horizontal scale, and the precipitation efficiency was high. These may be the important elements responsible for the occurrence of the short-time heavy precipitation that exceeded historical extreme values. On the basis of the above analyses, a comprehensive parameter (CP) prediction model is worked out, which can estimate the developing trend of supercells and the intensity of short-time heavy precipitation about 1 h in advance. 相似文献
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A heavy rainfall event caused by a mesoscale convective system (MCS), which occurred over the Yellow River midstream area during 7–9 July 2016, was analyzed using observational, high-resolution satellite, NCEP/NCAR reanalysis, and numerical simulation data. This heavy rainfall event was caused by one mesoscale convective complex (MCC) and five MCSs successively. The MCC rainstorm occurred when southwesterly winds strengthened into a jet. The MCS rainstorms occurred when low-level wind fields weakened, but their easterly components in the lower and boundary layers increased continuously. Numerical analysis revealed that there were obvious differences between the MCC and MCS rainstorms, including their three-dimensional airflow structure, disturbances in wind fields and vapor distributions, and characteristics of energy conversion and propagation. Formation of the MCC was related to southerly conveyed water vapor and energy to the north, with obvious water vapor exchange between the free atmosphere and the boundary layer. Continuous regeneration and development of the MCSs mainly relied on maintenance of an upward extension of a positive water vapor disturbance. The MCC rainstorm was triggered by large range of convergent ascending motion caused by a southerly jet, and easterly disturbance within the boundary layer. While a southerly fluctuation and easterly disturbance in the boundary layer were important triggers of the MCS rainstorms. Maintenance and development of the MCC and MCSs were linked to secondary circulation, resulting from convergence of Ekman non-equilibrium flow in the boundary layer. Both intensity and motion of the convergence centers in MCC and MCS cases were different. Clearly, sub-synoptic scale systems in the middle troposphere played a leading role in determining precipitation distribution during this event. Although mesoscale systems triggered by the sub-synoptic scale system induced the heavy rainfall, small-scale disturbances within the boundary layer determined its intensity and location. 相似文献
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太原城市下垫面扩张对边界层特征影响的个例研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过高分辨率卫星夜间灯光数据获取最新的城市地表分布,并利用高分辨率数值模式对2013年8月14~16日太原区域的一次高温过程进行研究,探讨城市下垫面扩张对大气边界层的影响。结果表明：基于DMSP/OLS夜间灯光数据对模式中地表参数修正后,能够更准确地反映太原主城区和高速公路沿线小规模建筑群的扩张,有效改善了模式的预报性能,显著提高对近地面气温、地表温度的预报能力。城市下垫面的扩张,使城区夜间升温明显,热岛强度增强。与1992年的城市化状况相比,晴空天气条件下,2012年太原城区夜间气温上升5℃,热岛强度升高2~3℃。城市下垫面扩张,改变了地表能量分配关系,使得地表感热传输明显加强,潜热通量明显减弱,城市冠层作用下的储热能力增强。边界层内部湍流交换、水汽输送等的进一步研究表明：城市地表水汽输送减弱,边界层水汽含量减少,2~4 km高度的水汽含量增加,湍流动能的影响高度增高,湍流混合加剧;14：00,城区边界层高度抬高了800 m,城市上空混合层加深,持续时间更长。 相似文献
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针对2010年7月31日夜间山西西南部一次业务模式出现较大预报偏差的西太平洋副热带高压(下称副高)边缘突发性暴雨天气过程,利用常规和降水加密观测资料、FY-2E卫星TBB数据以及中尺度模式WRF高分辨率数值模拟结果,诊断分析了暴雨的发生发展、锋生及锋生过程中的水汽演变特征。结果表明:此次突发性暴雨是由高空槽后干冷空气推动副高边缘暖湿气流所导致的一次锋生型强降水,β中尺度对流系统(meso-βcircular convective system,MβCCS)是造成暴雨的直接影响系统,低层β中尺度涡旋的形成和发展为MβCCS的维持提供了有利的水汽辐合条件,地面冷锋及其附近中尺度辐合线是对流触发因子。锋生诊断表明,低层辐合、中层辐散的垂直结构导致对流层低层水平锋生、中层水平锋消,而低层强烈的上升运动使得强不稳定层结高度升高,从而引起对流层中层强垂直锋生发展,垂直锋生与水平锋生同时产生,且垂直锋生较水平锋生大一个量级,中低层强锋生和次级环流圈的出现与强降水的发生时间和位置对应较好,比较而言,倾斜项对总锋生贡献最大,辐合项贡献最小。中低层锋生的加强有利于低层水汽的辐合抬升,锋生过程中深厚的水汽饱和层的出现以及水汽含量向高空的凸起,对局地强降水的预报有明显的指示意义。另外,高空冷空气的强度、移动路径以及MβCCS的发展对判断此类强降水的发生和暴雨落区具有重要作用。 相似文献
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In this paper, a sudden heavy rainfall event is analyzed, which occurred over the Yellow River midstream during 5–6 August 2014. We used observational, NCEP/NCAR reanalysis, high-resolution satellite, and numerical simulation data. The main results are as follows. Under an unfavorable environmental circulation, inadequate water vapor and unfavorable dynamic conditions but sufficient energy, a local sudden heavy rainfall was caused by the release of strong unstable energy that was triggered by cold air transport into middle and lower layers and the propagation of gravity waves. The distributions of rain area, rain clusters, and 10-minute rainfall showed typical mesoscale and microscale fluctuation characteristics. In the mesoscale rain area or upstream, there was a quasi-stationary wave of mesoscale gravity waves with their propagation downstream. In the course of propagation from southwest to northeast, the wavelength became longer and the amplitude attenuated. In the various phases of gravity wave development, there were evident differences in the direction of the wave front. Wave energy was mainly in the lower layers. Unstable vertical wind shear at heights of 1–6 km provided fluctuation energy for the gravity waves. The mechanisms of heavy rainfall formation were different at Linyou and Hancheng stations. Diabatic heating was the main source of disturbed effective potential energy at Linyou. The explosive short-period strong precipitation was caused by the release of strong effective potential energy triggered by the gravity waves, and its development and propagation after that energy maximized. In contrast, the latent heat release of upstream precipitation was the main source of disturbed effective potential energy at Hancheng. This formed a positive feedback mechanism that produced continuous precipitation. In the studied event, the development of westerly belt systems had disturbed the wind field. The contribution of kinetic energy generated by this disturbance could not be ignored. The Froude number, mountain shape parameter, and ratio between mountain height and temperature inversion layer thickness had various effects of atmosphere and terrain on mesoscale and microscale mountain waves. In upper and lower layers, there were five airflows that were strengthened by the terrain. All these had important influences on local heavy rainfall at Linyou and Hancheng stations. 相似文献
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引言 ２０００年１月 １１日,受强冷空气和南方暖湿气流共同影响,晋中地区普降中到大雪,寿阳县和灵石县达暴雪,２４小时降雪量分别为 １４． ３ｍｍ和 １１ｍｍ。同时气温骤降,极端最低气温几乎降至历史同期最低,积雪深度分别达到１８ｃｍ和１１ｃｍ,给冬小麦的安全越冬和交通运输等造成很大影响。本文对晋中地区冬季大到暴雪个例进行了分析,对形成大到暴雪的成因作了初步探讨,从而得出晋中地区冬季大到暴雪的基本预报方法。１晋中地区大到暴雪历史概况 晋中地区冬季降雪量少,平均降雪量仅占全年降水量的２％～３％。年际变化大,… 相似文献