A two-layer model for studying 2D dissolved pollutant runoff over impermeable surfaces     

Taotao Zhang  Yang Xiao  Dongfang Liang  Hongwu Tang  Junzeng Xu  Saiyu Yuan  Nairu Wang  Bin Luan 《水文研究》2021,35(5):e14152

Dissolved pollutants in stormwater are a main contributor to water pollution in urban environments. However, many existing transport models are semi-empirical and only consider one-dimensional flows, which limit their predictive capacity. Combining the shallow water and the advection–diffusion equations, a two-dimensional physically based model is developed for dissolved pollutant transport by adopting the concept of a ‘control layer’. A series of laboratory experiments has been conducted to validate the proposed model, taking into account the effects of buildings and intermittent rainfalls. The predictions are found to be in good agreement with experimental observations, which supports the assumption that the depth of the control layer is constant. Based on the validated model, a parametric study is conducted, focusing on the characteristics of the pollutant distribution and transport rate over the depth. The hyetograph, including the intensity, duration and intermittency, of rainfall event has a significant influence on the pollutant transport rates. The depth of the control layer, rainfall intensity, surface roughness and area length are dominant factors that affect the dissolved pollutant transport. Finally, several perspectives of the new pollutant transport model are discussed. This study contributes to an in-depth understanding of the dissolved pollutant transport processes on impermeable surfaces and urban stormwater management.  相似文献   

薄分子云湍流结构函数的倾角改正及其应用          下载免费PDF全文

钱磊 《天文学报》2021,62(1):7-87

通过结构函数可以测量湍流的能量级联速率.在实际观测中,无法测量分子云中气体的3维速度,这使得其湍流结构函数难以测量.对垂直于视线方向的薄分子云的情形,结构函数Stt2可以通过云核速度弥散(core velocity dispersion,CVD)进行测量,CVD2=1/2Stt2.对此进行推广,对于不垂直于视线方向的薄分子云,CVD2=1/2Stt2(1-1/8cos2θ)R2/3,其中,θ是视线方向与投影方向的夹角,平均投影距离与3维距离之比R可以用第2类椭圆积分E(k,φ)表示为R=2/πE(cosθ,π/2).  相似文献   

基于主成分分析法和监测数据的阿尔泰山采金废弃矿区人工恢复措施效益分析          下载免费PDF全文

艾沙江·艾力  徐海量  苑塏烨 《干旱区地理》2019,42(2):288-294

本文以阿尔泰山两河源保护区采金废弃矿区为研究区，从地形、土壤、水分和地表植被4个方面出发，结合矿区现有条件，设置11种恢复措施，选取丰富度指数、优势度指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数、生物量、植被盖度、物种数及土石比等7个评价指标，采用主成分分析法，得出不同恢复措施的主成分得分及生态效益排名。结果表明，单一恢复措施，如推平、羊群驻扎、泥浆等基本上是从某一个方面来考虑生态恢复的，存在一定的缺陷，恢复效益排名比较靠后；多种措施相结合，不仅能改善土壤环境，也会引起植物群落多样性格局的变化，生态恢复效益很好；同一种恢复措施，施行年限越长恢复效果越好。  相似文献   

大兴安岭北段巴升河岩体锆石U-Pb年代学及其地质意义     

陈会军  崔天日  钱程  李林川  陈井胜  李伟  吴新伟  江斌  司秋亮  秦涛  唐振  张渝金  郭威 《地质与资源》2019,28(5):405-412

大兴安岭北段扎兰屯地区巴升河岩体由碱长花岗岩组成.采用LA-ICP-MS方法对碱长花岗岩开展锆石U-Pb测年，结果为297.8±3.6 Ma，岩体形成于早二叠世.该岩体4个样品的全岩地球化学等特征显示：巴升河岩体中碱长花岗岩具有富Si、高K、富碱的特征，属于弱过铝质钾玄岩系列，同时，样品∑REE偏高，Eu负异常明显，富集大离子亲石元素，具有A型花岗岩特征，综合前人研究成果及同位素年代学特征，认为兴安地块与松嫩地块拼合的时间早于298 Ma.  相似文献   

深度学习在水声目标识别中的应用研究     

王培兵  彭圆 《数字海洋与水下攻防》2020,3(1):11-17

水声目标识别技术是水声信号处理的重要组成部分，是水声信息获取与水声信息对抗的重要技术支撑。针对水声目标识别时探测数据量大、自动化程度不高、识别效率低下等问题，研究了深度学习在水声目标识别中的应用。首先，介绍了水声目标识别技术的研究现状及当前形势下面临的挑战。然后，对深度学习的网络结构原理及改进型进行了分析，并分别对深度学习在水声声信号识别领域和水声图像信号识别领域的应用现状做了阐述。最后，指出了由于受当前技术条件和水下复杂环境的制约，此方法尚且存在着不足之处。该方法为进一步优化深度学习算法、拓展深度学习技术应用范畴、提升水声目标识别效率提供了参考。  相似文献   

Base cation concentrations in forest litter and topsoil have different responses to climate and tree species along elevational gradients   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

XUE Feng  ZHAO Ming-fei  WANG Yu-hang  KANG Mu-yi  XING Kai-xiong  WANG Guo-yi  SHI Jing-jing  CHEN Chen  JIANG Yuan 《山地科学学报》2019,(1)

The forest litter is an essential reservoir of nutrients in forests, supplying a large part of absorbable base cations(BC) to topsoil, and facilitating plant growth within litter-soil system. To characterize elevational patterns of base cation concentrations in the forest litter and topsoil, and explore the effects of climate and tree species, we measured microclimate and collected the forest litter and topsoil(0-10 cm) samples across an elevational range of more than 2000 m(1243 ～ 3316 m a.s.l.),and analyzed the concentrations of BC in laboratory. Results showed that: 1) litter Ca concentration displayed a hump-shaped pattern along the elevational gradients, but litter K and Mg showed saddle-shaped patterns. Soil Ca concentration increased with elevation, while soil K and Mg had no significant changes. 2) Ca concentration in the forest litter under aspen(Populus davidiana) was significantly higher than that in all other species, but in topsoil, Ca concentration was higher under coniferous larch and fir(Larix chinensis and Abies fargesii). Litter K and Mg concentrations was higher under coniferous larch and fir, whereas there were nosignificant differences among tree species in the concentrations of K and Mg in topsoil. 3) Climatic factors including mean annual temperature(MAT), growing season precipitation(GSP) and non-growing season precipitation(NGSP) determined BC concentrations in the forest litter and topsoil. Soil C/N and C/P also influenced BC cycling between litter and soil. Observation along elevations within different tree species implies that above-ground tree species can redistribute below-ground cations, and this process is profoundly impacted by climate. Litter and soil Ca, K and Mg with different responses to environmental variables depend on their soluble capacity and mobile ability.  相似文献   

深渊着陆器坐底位置的精确测量和反演计算          下载免费PDF全文

陈瀚  丘学林  贺恩远  王元  陈传绪  陈俊 《地球物理学报》2019,62(5):1744-1754

深渊着陆器在下潜过程中,由于受到海流的影响,其坐底位置会偏离投放点,偏离量和偏离方向很难估计,而声学水下定位方法在深渊海区不太适用.通过在海面进行气枪十字放炮作业,利用炮点准确位置和时间信息,以及海底地震仪(Ocean Bottom Seismometer,OBS)记录的直达水波到时,对深渊着陆器的坐底位置进行精确测量可以提供有效定位数据.该方法对采集得到的数据进行预处理,使用蒙托卡洛方法结合最小二乘法,对万泉号着陆器实际坐底位置进行了反演校正,得到三个潜次的位置校正偏移量分别为211m、178m、861m,偏移方向各不相同,校正精度为±20m,比以往的定位精度大为提高.此外,该方法测量确定了三个海底标志物的精确位置,为未来万米无人或载人潜器提供了可靠的水下参考坐标.  相似文献   

基于自然区块的城市热环境空间分异性研究     

杨智威  陈颖彪  吴志峰  千庆兰  黄清瑶 《地理科学进展》2019,38(12):1944-1956

通过有效解决建设用地子类划分,实现定量评价城市热环境的空间分异性,对改善城市生态环境、实现城市化的健康发展具有重要的意义和科学价值。论文以广州市为例,参考自然城市的概念,基于5类兴趣点(Point Of Interest,POI)开放数据,结合城市建设用地分类标准,构建5类自然区块;在Landsat 8遥感影像地表温度反演的基础上,计算分析自然区块下地表热场等级分布格局、热场平均值及热环境足迹范围,以对城市热环境空间分异性进行评价。研究表明：① 自然区块的构建,能准确地反映各类POI数据空间分布情况,能够实现对建设用地子类型的划分;② 5类自然区块内部地表热场等级均以高温像元为主,但等级分布具有显著差异。同时,自然区块的热场平均值由高到低的排序为：工业区块>商业服务业区块>交通与道路区块>居住区块>公共管理与服务区块;③ 自然区块形成的高温集聚区,存在热量扩散现象,实际影响范围大于其物理边界,5类自然区块的热环境足迹范围具有分异性。热环境足迹影响范围由大到小排序为：工业区块>商业服务业区块>居住区块>道路与交通区块>公共管理与服务区块。研究结果可为微观尺度上分析城市热环境、改善城市生态环境、实现城市化的健康发展提供科学依据。  相似文献   

Dynamic mechanisms controlling the topography of Longmenshan area   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Xie  Yuan  Li  Yongdong  Xiong  Xiong 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2020,63(1):121-131

The Longmenshan fault, which defines the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau, is one of the steepest margins of the plateau with a sharp elevation drop of about 4 km over a distance less than 100 km across the Longmenshan fault. The mechanism which is responsible for controlling and maintaining the elevation difference is highly debated. Using multiple observations including seismic velocity model, Moho depth, effective elastic thickness of the lithosphere, we conducted a quantitative study for elucidating the contributions from crust and lithospheric mantle by an integrated analysis of lithospheric isostasy and flexure. It is shown that the topography of the Longmenshan fault is supported by both lithospheric isostasy and flexure statically, and lower crustal channel flow and mantle convection dynamically. Different mechanisms have different weights for contribution to the topography of the Songpan-Ganzi block and the Sichuan Basin. The static and dynamic support contribute roughly the same to the topographic difference of ~4 km between the two sides of the Longmenshan fault. The static topographic difference of ~2 km is mainly resulted from the lithospheric isostasy, while the dynamic one of ~2 km is contributed by the uprising of the accumulated material in the lower crust beneath the Songpan-Ganzi block and the downward drag force caused by the upper mantle convection under the Sichuan Basin. It is thus suggested that the lower crustal flow and upper mantle convection are dynamic forces which should be taken into account in the studies on the dynamics in the Longmenshan and surrounding regions.  相似文献   

大深度潜航器水下空间运动建模与仿真     

乔冰  刘鑫  袁龙 《数字海洋与水下攻防》2020,3(1):65-70

分析大深度潜航器水下空间运动特点，建立描述其空间运动的数学模型，并以数学模型为基础利用 MATLAB\Simulink 软件完成潜航器空间运动仿真模型的开发。在搭建的仿真模型基础上，通过数学仿真手段分析了潜航器在螺旋下潜、抛载过渡、定角爬升、稳定至水面航行状态下的水下运动全过程，给出了具有弧形翼板的潜航器外形设计方案的运动能力仿真评估，为后续潜航器运动能力优化设计提供仿真依据。  相似文献