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Luca M. Abbühl Kevin P. Norton John D. Jansen Fritz Schlunegger Ala Aldahan Göran Possnert 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2011,36(11):1464-1473
A steep escarpment edge, deep gorges and distinct knickzones in river profiles characterize the landscape on the Western Escarpment of the Andes between ~5°S and ~18°S (northern Peru to northern Chile). Strong north–south and east–west precipitation gradients are exploited in order to determine how climate affects denudation rates in three river basins spanning an otherwise relatively uniform geologic and geomorphologic setting. Late Miocene tectonics uplifted the Meseta/Altiplano plateau (~3000 m a.s.l.), which is underlain by a series of Tertiary volcanic‐volcanoclastic rocks. Streams on this plateau remain graded to the Late Miocene base level. Below the rim of the Meseta, streams have responded to this ramp uplift by incising deeply into fractured Mesozoic rocks via a series of steep, headward retreating knickzones that grade to the present‐day base level defined by the Pacific Ocean. It is found that the Tertiary units on the plateau function as cap‐rocks, which aid in the parallel retreat of the sharp escarpment edge and upper knickzone tips. 10Be‐derived catchment denudation rates of the Rio Piura (5°S), Rio Pisco (13°S) and Rio Lluta (18°S) average ~10 mm ky?1 on the Meseta/Altiplano, irrespective of precipitation rates; whereas, downstream of the escarpment edge, denudation rates range from 10 mm ky?1 to 250 mm ky?1 and correlate positively with precipitation rates, but show no strong correlation with hillslope angles or channel steepness. These relationships are explained by the presence of a cap‐rock and climate‐driven fluvial incision that steepens hillslopes to near‐threshold conditions. Since escarpment retreat and the precipitation pattern were established at least in the Miocene, it is speculated that the present‐day distribution of morphology and denudation rates has probably remained largely unchanged during the past several millions of years as the knickzones have propagated headward into the plateau. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Zooplankton community structure in a highly turbid environment (Charente estuary,France): Spatio-temporal patterns and environmental control 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Julien Modéran Pierre Bouvais Valérie DavidSandrine Le Noc Benoit Simon-BouhetNathalie Niquil Pierre MiramandDenis Fichet 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2010
Zooplankton assemblages were studied from January 2007 to January 2008 along the salinity gradient of the Charente estuary (France). A Lagrangian survey was performed monthly at five sampling stations defined by salinity (freshwater, 0.5, 5, 15 and 25) in order to collect zooplankton and measure the main environmental parameters (concentrations of suspended particulate matter, particulate organic carbon, chlorophyll a and phaeopigments). A combination of multivariate cluster analysis, species indicator index and canonical correspondence analysis was used to relate the spatio-temporal patterns of the zooplankton assemblages with environmental drivers. The estuary was divided into three different zones by means of environmental parameters while four zooplankton assemblages were identified along the salinity gradient. The Charente estuary appeared as one of the most turbid systems in Europe, with suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentration reaching 3.5 g l−1 in the Maximum Turbidity Zone (MTZ). Algal heterotrophy and microphytobenthos resuspension from the wide mudflats could be responsible for the relatively high chlorophyll a concentrations measured within this MTZ. Salinity and SPM affected significantly the spatial distribution of zooplankton species while temperature and river flow seemed to control their temporal variations. From a zooplanktonic viewpoint, the highly turbid Charente estuary seemed to match an “ecotone–ecocline” model: the succession of species assemblages along the salinity gradient matched the concept of ecocline while the MTZ, which is a stressful narrow area, could be considered as an ecotone. Although such ecoclinal characteristics seemed to be a general feature of estuarine biocenoses, the ecotone could be more system-specific and biological compartment-specific. 相似文献
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根据2010年5月至2010年10月每月对青木关地下河河水的监测数据,利用”N同位素技术并结合水化学指标,分析地下河的水化学特征以及硝态氮来源的时空变化特征。结果表明,地下河出口丁家龙洞硝态氯浓度(5.077mg/I。)比入口天池硝态氮浓度(0.842mg/L)高6倍多。入口天池处地下河河水硝态氮浓度比较低,15N浓度变化范围为-7.0475‰~+7.059‰,变化幅度不大,说明该点的氮污染较低,地下水受外界影响较小,污水和粪便不是主要的δ15N来源。出口丁家龙洞处的δ15N浓度变化范围在-21.453‰~+37.825‰,总体浓度高且变化幅度大,受上游养猪场粪便直接排入及降水影响较大。 相似文献
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This paper aims to present the usability of an adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) for the prediction swelling potential
of the compacted soils that are important materials for geotechnical purposes such as engineered barriers for municipal solid
waste, earth dams, embankment and roads. In this study the swelling potential that is also one of significant parameters for
compacted soils was modeled by ANFIS. For the training and testing of ANFIS model, data sets were collected from the tests
performed on compacted soils for different geotechnical application in Nigde. Four parameters such as coarse-grained fraction
ratio (CG), fine-grained fraction ratio (FG), plasticity index (PI) and maximum dry density (MDD) were presented to ANFIS
model as inputs. The results obtained from the ANFIS models were validated with the data sets which are not used for the training
stage. The analyses revealed that the predictions from ANFIS model are in sufficient agreement with test results. 相似文献
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Lars-Göran Danielsson Bertil Magnusson Stig Westerlund Kerong Zhang 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》1983,17(1):73-85
The concentrations of the trace metals Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn in the Göta River estuary have been investigated. The following metal fractions have been determined: acid-leachable, dissolved, labile and particulate.The estuary represents a salt wedge type estuary and is situated in a densely populated region of Sweden. The metal concentrations found for the dissolved fraction is in the range of what can be considered as background levels for freshwater. It is difficult to evaluate any estuarine processes other than conservative mixing for Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn. The dissolved levels in the freshwater end member are Cd, 9–25 ngl?1; Cu, 1·1–1·4 μgl?1; Fe, 20–75 μg l?1: Ni, 0·7–0·9 μg l?1: Pb 0·09–0·2 μg l?1; and Zn, 6–7 μg l?1:The results from the acid-leachable fraction show that at high suspended load the particles sediment in the river mouth. The trace metal levels in this fraction are subject to large variations. 相似文献
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近年来 ,中国地震预报学者开始关注井水位的年变异常及其中短期预测意义问题 ,但井水位年变异常判别采用动态图像的定性对比方法 ,表现出一定的随意性。针对这种现状 ,文中引进概率论与数理统计中的随机过程理论与时间序列分析技术 (盛骤等 ,1989) ,提出了“井水位动态年周期法”与“相对时段速率比较法” ,解决了井水位年变异常的定量识别方法 ,并应用到天津井网 2 1口井的观测数据 (1985年以来 )分析中 ,证明了该方法的可行性与有效性。分析结果表明 ,天津井网中有 7口井在首都圈邻区 4次中强 (MS≥ 5 .8)地震之前 ,表现出 17井次的井水位年变异常 ,且多在震前 1.5~6个月内出现 ,从而再次证明了井水位年变异常具有一定的中短期预测意义 相似文献