Gakkel洋中脊基底隆起的非对称地壳结构          下载免费PDF全文

凌子龙  高金耀  赵俐红  杨春国  管清胜  张涛 《地球物理学报》2019,62(5):1755-1771

超慢速扩张的北冰洋Gakkel洋中脊具有六个沿扩张方向的线性基底隆起(本文编号为A—F).这些线性基底隆起在中轴两侧的地球物理场和地壳结构呈现不同程度的非对称性.本文利用Gakkel洋中脊的地形、空间重力异常(FAA)和航空磁力数据,计算了它的扩张速率、剩余地幔布格重力异常(RMBA)、地壳厚度和非均衡地形.根据中轴两侧地形和地壳厚度的对称关系,我们将六个基底隆起分为对称型和非对称型两种类型.整体上,B、D和F区基底隆起在中轴两侧的地形和地壳厚度的非对称幅值(两侧差值的绝对值)较小,其中地形的非对称幅值分别为～157m、～125m、～208m,地壳厚度的非对称幅值分别为～1km、～0.06km、～0.3km;而A、C和E区的非对称幅值较大,其中地形的非对称幅值分别为～510m、～410m、～673m,地壳厚度的非对称幅值分别为～2km、～2.5km、～1.1km.我们因此推断B、D和F区具有相对对称的地壳结构,而A、C和E区具有非对称的地壳结构.根据A、C和E区中轴两侧非均衡地形的对称关系和非对称地形的补偿状态,推测A区的非对称性可能是由岩浆分配不均所导致;而C区和E区的非对称性可能是由构造断层作用使断层下盘向上抬升变薄所导致.我们进一步推测洋中脊走向的改变可能使得构造作用更易集中于基底隆起的一侧.  相似文献   

Seafloor Geomorphology and Processes on the Western Continental Margin of India based on Multibeam Acoustic Backscatter Data Analysis     

Sumanta Dandapath  Andrew Menezes  Bishwajit Chakraborty  John Kurian  Koppella N. Prudhvi Raju 《Marine Geodesy》2018,41(2):177-200

An assessment of the multibeam sonar data of the central Western Continental Margins of India has been carried out to evaluate the seafloor geomorphology and processes by examining the geomorphological attributes e.g., slope, sediments, structures, etc. associated with geomorphic features. The variation in relief and the features located in the region have been mapped and interpreted collectively by utilizing several geospatial mapping tools. The backscatter strength across the area, apparently congruent with the local relief, has helped to examine the sediment movement on the seafloor. The prominent features found in the region include faults, pockmarks, mounds, submarine terraces, and submerged fossil reefs. Several areas with varying topography engender comparable fractal dimension at short scale breaks, and the probability density functions (PDFs) utilizing backscatter data depicting overlapping classes. The present study highlights how fractals and scale break parameters can be utilized to determine the seafloor processes and associated sedimentological dynamics in a complex geographical environment with strong bottom currents, seasonal upwelling, and faulted structure. The role and impact of the various geomorphic processes on the reworking of sediment movement and the overall progression of the seafloor morphology has been revealed for the first time in this part of the ocean bottom.  相似文献   

Artificial recharge efficiency assessment by soil water balance and modelling approaches in a multi-layered vadose zone in a dry region     

Mojtaba Pakparvar  Hossein Hashemi  Meisam Rezaei  Wim M. Cornelis  Gholamali Nekooeian  Sayyed Ahang Kowsar 《水文科学杂志》2018,63(8):1183-1202

To assess recharge through floodwater spreading, three wells, approx. 30 m deep, were dug in a 35-year-old basin in southern Iran. Hydraulic parameters of the layers were measured. One well was equipped with pre-calibrated time domain reflectometry (TDR) sensors. The soil moisture was measured continuously before and after events. Rainfall, ponding depth and the duration of the flooding events were also measured. Recharge was assessed by the soil water balance method, and by calibrated (inverse solution) HYDRUS-1D. The results show that the 15 wetting front was interrupted at a layer with fine soil accumulation over a coarse layer at the depth of approx. 4 m. This seemed to occur due to fingering flow. Estimation of recharge by the soil water balance and modelling approaches showed a downward water flux of 55 and 57% of impounded floodwater, respectively.  相似文献   

大别山及其周边现今垂直形变研究     

宋尚武  王庆良  郝明  周琳  刘立炜  胡亚轩 《大地测量与地球动力学》2018,38(1):32-35

基于1980年、2005年和2015年3期区域精密水准网观测资料，利用线性动态平差模型计算获取大别山地区水准网长期垂直运动速度场图像。研究发现，淮河平原地表下沉较为严重，大别山呈现弱隆升趋势运动，长江谷地边缘地区较大别山区呈现明显的隆升运动。跨郯庐断裂带水准剖面结果显示，垂直运动与地形呈负相关和弱相关。  相似文献   

2016年射阳M_S 4.4地震前后重力场变化     

吴晓峰  宋浩  代宪鹏  孙君嵩  张辉 《地震地磁观测与研究》2018,40(1):96-101

利用江苏重力测网2014-2017年重力场观测资料，采用绝对重力控制与相对重力联测相结合的平差方法，获取2016年射阳M_S 4.4地震前后重力场变化图。根据射阳M_S 4.4地震前后射阳地区各测线重力段差变化特点，绘制重力场等值线并进行对比分析，结合相关机理，探讨重力场变化与该地震的内在联系。同震观测数据显示：射阳M_S 4.4地震发生在重力异常值高梯度带附近，发震时震中地区位于NS挤压正异常、EW张拉负异常状态，震后区域重力梯度变化量开始减小，是一种典型的重力异常调整现象。  相似文献   

Decadal link between longitudinal morphological changes in branching channels of Yangtze estuary and movement of the offshore depo-center     

Boyuan Zhu  Yao Yue  Alistair G.L. Borthwick  Wenjun Yu  Enhang Liang  Jinwu Tang  Yuanfang Chai  Yitian Li 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(11):2689-2705

In estuaries, the morphology of inland and offshore areas usually evolves synergistically. This study examines the decadal link between longitudinal changes in morphology of branching channels and movement of the offshore depo-center (where sediment deposition rate is maximum) of the Yangtze River estuary, under intense human interference. Integrated data analysis is provided on morphology, runoff discharge, and ebb partition ratio from 1950 to 2017. Channel-volume reductions and change rates between isobaths in branching channels reflect the impact of estuarine engineering projects. Ebb partition ratio and duration of discharge ≥ 60 000 m³ s^-1 act as proxies for the water excavating force in branching channels and runoff intensity. It is found that deposition occurs in the lower/upper sub-reaches (or further downstream/upstream channels) of the inland north/south branching channels, and the offshore depo-center moves southward or southeastward, as runoff intensity grows; the reverse occurs as runoff intensity declines. This is because the horizontal circumfluence in the Yangtze estuary rotates clockwise as ebb partition ratios of the north/south branching channels increase/decrease for increasing runoff, and conversely rotates anticlockwise for decreasing runoff. Land reclamation activities, the Deepwater Channel Project, and the Qingcaosha Reservoir have impacted greatly on longitudinal changes of morphology in the North Branch and the South Passage and on ebb partition ratio variations in the North/South Channel and the North/South Passage. Dam-induced runoff flattening has enhanced deposition in the upper/lower sub-reaches of the north/south branching channels and caused northward movement of the offshore depo-center, except in areas affected by estuarine engineering projects. Dam-induced longitudinal evolution of branching channel morphology and offshore depo-center movement will likely persist in the future, given the ongoing construction of large cascade dams in the upper Yangtze and the completion of major projects in the Yangtze estuary. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

The effect of storm movement on infiltration,runoff and soil erosion in a semi-arid catchment     

Qihua Ran  Feng Wang  Jihui Gao 《水文研究》2020,34(23):4526-4540

Rainfall characteristics are key factors influencing infiltration and runoff generation in catchment hydrology, particularly for arid and semiarid catchments. Although the effect of storm movement on rainfall-runoff processes has been evaluated and emphasized since the 1960s, the effect on the infiltration process has barely been considered. In this study, a physically based distributed hydrological model (InHM) was applied to a typical semi-arid catchment (Shejiagou, 4.26 km²) located in the Loess Plateau, China, to investigate the effect of storm movement on infiltration, runoff and soil erosion at the catchment scale. Simulations of 84 scenarios of storm movement were conducted, including storms moving across the catchment in both the upstream and downstream directions along the main channel, while in each direction considering four storm moving speeds, three rainfall depths and two storm ranges. The simulation results showed that, on both the hillslopes facing downstream (facing south) and in the main channel, the duration of the overland flow process under the upstream-moving storms was longer than that under the downstream-moving storms. Thus, the duration and volume of infiltration under upstream-moving storms were larger in these areas. For the Shejiagou catchment, as there are more hillslopes facing downstream, more infiltration occurred under the upstream-moving storms than the downstream-moving storms. Therefore, downstream-moving storms generated up to 69% larger total runoff and up to 351% more soil loss in the catchment than upstream-moving storms. The difference in infiltration between the storms moving upstream and downstream decreased as the storm moving speed increased. The relative difference in total runoff and sediment yield between the storms moving upstream and downstream decreased with increasing rainfall depth and storm speed. The results of this study revealed that the infiltration differences under moving storms largely influenced the total runoff and sediment yield at the catchment scale, which is of importance in runoff prediction and flood management. The infiltration differences may be a potential factor leading to different groundwater, vegetation cover and ecology conditions for the different sides of the hillslopes.  相似文献   

基于岩体塑性位错理论的龙门山区域构造系统演化过程     

师皓宇  黄辅琼  马念杰  王永建  马骥  邹光华  彭瑞 《地质学报》2020,94(12):3581-3589

青藏高原对四川盆地的挤压作用导致了龙门山断裂带的形成及其山脉的隆起。本文以龙门山附近区域板块运动以及深部岩体力学特性为背景，采用FLAC3D软件模拟再现了时间跨度为700万年的龙门山区域构造系统演化过程。研究结果表明：在板块运动作用下，F1、F2和F3断层依次形成，贯通的断层对地表的抬升具有较强的控制作用，当断层贯通于地表后，龙门山及其以西的川西高原持续隆起，平均抬升速率约为138mm/yr，而龙门山断裂带以东的川西坳陷只有较小的抬升量，从而导致川西高原抬升8996 m, 致使该区域产生6000m左右的落差，模拟的地形特征与目前的龙门山地形地貌基本相似。依据模拟结果与实测资料，绘制了龙门山断裂带形成及其附近区域地形地貌的演化过程图，呈现了板块挤压、断层塑性位错、地表侵蚀和沉积作用等因素共同作用对地形地貌的塑造过程。  相似文献   

基于航空重、磁数据的南黄海海相地层分布特征识别     

佟晶  张婉  张玄杰  熊盛青 《中国地质调查》2020,7(5):95-106

基于南黄海海域实测高精度航空重、磁数据,结合航空重、磁场及物性特征,通过平均对数功率谱分析匹配滤波方法技术,对南黄海海相地层界面起伏引起的重、磁异常特征进行分离、提取,采用切线法和外奎尔法计算海相地层界面的深度,经地质和地球物理综合解释,编制了南黄海海相地层底界面、顶界面深度图及海相地层厚度图。在此基础上,初步划分了南黄海海相地层构造单元,探讨了南黄海海相地层的分布特征。苏北—南黄海坳陷区的中部坳陷和南部坳陷均发育在强磁性基底之上,构造变形较弱,海相地层保存完整,埋藏浅,厚度为4~8 km,是南黄海地区具有较大资源潜力的油气勘探区。  相似文献   

西昌市泸山地区典型火后泥石流特征与成因机制研究——以响水沟左岸3^#支沟为例     

铁永波  徐如阁  刘洪  王家柱  巴仁基  向安平  杨剑  欧阳渊  张玙  王宏 《中国地质调查》2020,7(3):82-88

2020年3月30日,四川省凉山州西昌市经久乡发生森林大火,山火燃烧后形成的山火灰和烧焦土体在强降雨作用下极易启动形成泥石流,给西昌市泸山、琼海景区生态环境及当地百姓生命财产安全带来潜在地质灾害风险。以西昌市安哈镇响水沟左岸3^#支沟为例,采用野外调查、无人机航拍、地球物理探测、现场及室内实验等手段,对2020年5月1日该沟发生的火后泥石流流体特征、动力学参数及成因机制等开展研究,系统分析了山火及降雨过程对该次火后泥石流形成的影响机制。该成果可为系统认识西昌泸山“3·30”山火地区火后泥石流的运动特征、物源规模、激发雨量及其发展趋势研判提供科学参考。  相似文献