首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
文章检索
  按 检索   检索词:      
出版年份:   被引次数:   他引次数: 提示:输入*表示无穷大
  收费全文   9708篇
  免费   2218篇
  国内免费   2006篇
测绘学   356篇
大气科学   1084篇
地球物理   3414篇
地质学   6111篇
海洋学   1119篇
天文学   63篇
综合类   487篇
自然地理   1298篇
  2024年   8篇
  2023年   120篇
  2022年   255篇
  2021年   365篇
  2020年   404篇
  2019年   371篇
  2018年   323篇
  2017年   396篇
  2016年   371篇
  2015年   399篇
  2014年   589篇
  2013年   801篇
  2012年   578篇
  2011年   619篇
  2010年   579篇
  2009年   676篇
  2008年   734篇
  2007年   704篇
  2006年   740篇
  2005年   544篇
  2004年   516篇
  2003年   466篇
  2002年   420篇
  2001年   370篇
  2000年   327篇
  1999年   315篇
  1998年   269篇
  1997年   255篇
  1996年   230篇
  1995年   208篇
  1994年   180篇
  1993年   183篇
  1992年   134篇
  1991年   106篇
  1990年   102篇
  1989年   66篇
  1988年   58篇
  1987年   32篇
  1986年   24篇
  1985年   15篇
  1984年   20篇
  1983年   8篇
  1982年   7篇
  1981年   6篇
  1980年   8篇
  1979年   2篇
  1978年   16篇
  1977年   6篇
  1972年   1篇
  1954年   4篇
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
The source and hydrochemical makeup of a stream reflects the connectivity between rainfall, groundwater, the stream, and is reflected to water quantity and quality of the catchment. However, in a semi-arid, thick, loess covered catchment, temporal variation of stream source and event associated behaviours are lesser known. Thus, the isotopic and chemical hydrographs in a widely distributed, deep loess, semi-arid catchment of the northern Chinese Loess Plateau were characterized to determine the source and hydrochemical behaviours of the stream during intra-rainfall events. Rainfall and streamflow were sampled during six hydrologic events coupled with measurements of stream baseflow and groundwater. The deuterium isotope (2H), major ions (Cl, SO42−, NO3, Ca2+, K+, Mg2+, and Na+) were evaluated in water samples obtained during rainfall events. Temporal variation of 2H and Cl measured in the groundwater and stream baseflow prior to rainfall was similar; however, the isotope compositions of the streamflow fluctuated significantly and responded quickly to rainfall events, likely due to an infiltration excess, overland dominated surface runoff during torrential rainfall events. Time source separation using 2H demonstrated greater than 72% on average, the stream composition was event water during torrential rainfall events, with the proportion increasing with rainfall intensity. Solutes concentrations in the stream had loglinear relationships with stream discharge, with an outling anomaly with an example of an intra-rainfall event on Oct. 24, 2015. Stream Cl behaved nonconservative during rainfall events, temporal variation of Cl indicated a flush and washout at the onset of small rainfall events, a dilution but still high concentration pattern in high discharge and old water dominated in regression flow period. This study indicates rainfall intensity affects runoff responses in a semi-arid catchment, and the stored water in the thick, loess covered areas was less connected with stream runoff. Solute transport may threaten water quality in the area, requiring further analysis of the performance of the eco-restoration project.  相似文献   
2.
刘云华  王硕  吕鑫  孙健  徐丽  杨本昭  范媛媛  孟茹 《岩石学报》2021,37(6):1933-1947
石泉-汉阴成矿带是南秦岭重要的金成矿潜力区,是秦岭金成矿带的重要组成部分。为了查明区内与成矿有关的多期次构造发育特征及其对金成矿的控制作用,并进一步探讨矿床成因,本文选取石泉-汉阴成矿带内最具代表性的黄龙、长沟和金斗坡三个金矿床作为研究对象,通过详尽的野外及井下地质调研、室内显微构造观察及同位素追踪相结合的研究方法,探讨了该成矿带内的构造活动期次,确定了与成矿有关构造体系的性质,取得的主要认识有:(1)研究区与成矿关系密切的共有四期构造活动,分别为成矿前的韧性剪切构造(S1)、成矿早期的韧性剪切构造(S2)、主成矿期牛山-凤凰山隆起形成的拆离滑脱构造(S3)以及成矿期后的脆性构造;(2)成矿期早期韧性剪切构造中矿化现象并不显著,主要对区内矿床的成矿物质起到了预富集作用,而成矿主期与滑脱构造同时期的由岩浆分异而来的含矿热液叠加在早期矿化带之上才形成了区内的金矿床,其成因为岩浆期后热液型金矿;(3)成矿早期的韧性剪切构造形成于晚三叠世华北与扬子两大板块碰撞拼合的造山作用,主成矿期次拆离滑脱构造活动则为板内演化阶段由伸展塌陷造成的差异隆起所致。  相似文献   
3.
Climate change is likely to manifest in river flow changes across the globe, which could have wide-ranging consequences for society and the natural environment. A number of previous studies used the UK Climate Projections 2009 (UKCP09) to investigate the potential impacts on river flows in Britain, but these projections were recently updated by the release of UKCP18, thus there is a need to update flow studies. Here, the UKCP18 Regional (12 km) projections are applied using a national-scale grid-based hydrological model, to investigate potential future changes in seasonal mean river flows across Great Britain. Analysis of hydrological model performance using baseline climate model data (1980–2010) shows relatively good agreement with use of observation-based data, particularly after application of a monthly precipitation bias-correction. Analysis of seasonal mean flow changes for two future time-slices (2020–2050 and 2050–2080) suggests large decreases in summer flows across the country (median −45% by 2050–2080), but possible increases in winter flows (median 9% by 2050–2080), especially in the north and west. Information on the potential range of flow changes using the latest projections is necessary to develop appropriate adaptation strategies, and comparisons with previous projections can help update existing plans, although such comparisons are often not straightforward.  相似文献   
4.
油气储层流动单元在高、中、低渗储层表征中已经得到普遍应用,但在特低渗储层研究中仍然很少涉及。以松辽盆地北部三肇凹陷升554断块下白垩统泉头组四段扶余油层特低渗储层为例,划分出E、G、P三种流动单元类型,从E类至P类流动单元,渗流能力逐渐减小。流动单元物性特征、空间分布特征均表明流动单元储层非均质性较强。分析了沉积相及开启型正断层对流动单元发育的控制作用。研究发现,在特低渗储层尺度内,流动单元自身的渗流能力对油藏开发的作用已经很小,而不同流动单元之间的渗流能力差异引起油藏开发效果的不同也已不明显,开发效果主要取决于砂体射开厚度、注水效果等开发因素以及断层渗流通道、泥岩渗流屏障、砂体厚度等地质因素。这与以往储层流动单元研究中普遍认为的"流动单元渗流能力越强,油藏注水开发效果越好"的观点是截然不同的。通过本文以期为特低渗油气储层流动单元研究提供一定借鉴,为特低渗油藏开发提供一定参考依据。  相似文献   
5.
Gully erosion is a major cause of soil loss and severe land degradation in sub-humid Ethiopia. The objective of this study was to investigate the role and the effect of subsurface water level change on gully headcut retreat, gully formation and expansion in high rainfall tropical regions in the Ethiopian highlands. During the rainy seasons of 2017–2019, the expansion rate of 16 fixed gullies was measured and subsurface water levels were measured by piezometers installed near gully heads. During the study period, headcut retreats ranged from 0.70 to 2.35 m, with a mean value of 1.49 ± 0.56 m year−1, and average depth of the surface water level varied between 1.12 and 2.82 m, with a mean value of 2.62 m. Gully cross-section areas ranged from 2.90 to 20.90 m2, with an average of 9.31 ± 4.80 m2. Volumetric retreat of gully headcuts ranged from 4.49 to 40.55 m3 and averaged 13.34 ± 9.10 m3. Soil loss from individual gullies ranged from 5.79 to 52.31 t year−1 and averaged 17.21 ± 11.74 t year−1. The headcut retreat rate and sediment yield were closely related over the three study seasons. Elevated subsurface water levels facilitated the slumping of gully banks and heads, causing high sediment yield. When the soil was saturated, bank collapse and headcut retreat were favoured by the combination of elevated subsurface water and high rainfall. This study indicates that area exclosures are effective in controlling subsurface water level, thus reducing gully headcut retreat and associated soil loss.  相似文献   
6.
黄朝煊  袁文喜  胡国杰 《岩土力学》2021,(1):113-124,134
目前通过对软土地基预加固处理来提高桩基水平承载力已被工程界认可,但如何在工程前期设计过程中估算软土地基预处理后桩基水平承载力提高值仍是技术难点。基于此,参考Bowles[1]的地基土水平抗力计算式,同时考虑成层软土地基预排水固结处理影响,通过数学推导,推求出根据原状软土室内土工试验抗剪强度指标及预加固处理时间,估算软土地基预处理后桩基水平承载力提高值的实用计算方法。考虑桩侧土弹塑性屈服影响,推导出成层软土中水平受荷桩弹塑性解析解及塑性区深度的计算式,给出了桩顶水平位移、桩身最大弯矩的无量纲计算式及相关计算源代码。依托于浙江省某水闸桩基工程案例,根据提出的计算方法对桩基水平承载力、桩顶水平位移及桩身最大弯矩等性状进行预估计算,并与地基预处理前、后现场试桩检测值进行验证对比,认为桩基水平承载力、桩顶水平位移及桩身最大弯矩等预估计算成果与工程现场试桩的检测值较接近,对类似工程设计具有较好的参考价值。  相似文献   
7.
Characteristics of ungauged catchments can be studied from the hydrological model parameters of gauged catchments. In this research, discharge prediction was carried out in ungauged catchments using HEC-HMS in the central Omo-Gibe basin. Linear regression, spatial proximity, area ratio, and sub-basin mean were amalgamated for regionalization. The regional model parameters of the gauged catchment and physical characteristics of ungauged catchments were collated together to develop the equations to predict discharge from ungauged catchments. From the sensitivity analysis, crop coefficient (CC), storage coefficient (R), constant rate (CR), and time of concentration (TC) are found to be more sensitive than others. The model efficiency was evaluated using Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) which was greater than 0.75, varying between ?10% and +10% and the coefficient of determination (R2) was approximated to be 0.8 during the calibration and validation period. The model parameters in ungauged catchments were determined using the regional model (linear regression), sub-basin mean, area ratio, and spatial proximity methods, and the discharge was simulated using the HEC-HMS model. Linear regression was used in the prediction where p-value ≤ 0.1, determination coefficient (R2) = 0.91 for crop coefficient (CC) and 0.99 for maximum deficit (MD). Constant rate (CR), maximum storage (MS), initial storage (IS), storage coefficient (R), and time of concentration (TC) were obtained. The result is that an average of 30 m3/s and 15 m3/s as the maximum monthly simulated flow for ungauged sub-catchments, i.e. Denchiya and Mansa of the main river basin .  相似文献   
8.
角度域共成像点道集是衔接叠前地震数据与储层特征的重要桥梁,对地震偏移成像与储层描述具有重要意义.与克希霍夫偏移和单向波动方程偏移相比,逆时偏移是复杂地区最精确的成像方法.高效稳健地生成逆时偏移角度道集目前仍然是一个挑战.本文主要讨论如何采用光学流方法高效、高质量地提取角度道集.在逆时偏移波场外推过程中,光学流方法可以估计波场传播方向.其中Lucas-Kanade(LK)和Horn-Schunck(HS)方法是光学流方法中两种典型的方法.LK光学流方法是一种局部方法,该方法依赖于局部点的梯度值,但是容易出现奇异现象,HS光学流方法属于全局方法,波场方向估计依赖于整个波场,易受噪声影响,对异常值比较敏感,导致整体波场方向计算精度不高.本文提出采用局部和整体结合(Combining Local and Global,CLG)的光学流方法估计波场传播方向.该方法可以有效地提高波场方向的精度,并且简单高效,便于并行处理.对比HS光学流方法,CLG光学流方法几乎不增加额外的计算量.另外,为了弱化光学流方法无法处理波前重叠问题,本文利用解析波场和方向滤波对波场进行方向分解,仅需波场的空间傅里叶变换即可实现任意波场方向分解,将分解后的波场分别估计波场反向,提取成像结果.进一步地,在估计反射张角和方位角时,本文提出有效的归一化方法和改进的最小二乘除法,提高角度估计的精度和稳定性.最后,理论和实际资料例证了本文提出方法的有效性.  相似文献   
9.
Water flow velocity is an important hydraulic variable in hydrological and soil erosion models, and is greatly affected by freezing and thawing of the surface soil layer in cold high-altitude regions. The accurate measurement of rill flow velocity when impacted by the thawing process is critical to simulate runoff and sediment transport processes. In this study, an electrolyte tracer modelling method was used to measure rill flow velocity along a meadow soil slope at different thaw depths under simulated rainfall. Rill flow velocity was measured using four thawed soil depths (0, 1, 2 and 10 cm), four slope gradients (5°, 10°, 15° and 20°) and four rainfall intensities (30, 60, 90 and 120 mm·h−1). The results showed that the increase in thawed soil depth caused a decrease in rill flow velocity, whereby the rate of this decrease was also diminishing. Whilst the rill flow velocity was positively correlated with slope gradient and rainfall intensity, the response of rill flow velocity to these influencing factors varied with thawed soil depth. The mechanism by which thawed soil depth influenced rill flow velocity was attributed to the consumption of runoff energy, slope surface roughness, and the headcut effect. Rill flow velocity was modelled by thawed soil depth, slope gradient and rainfall intensity using an empirical function. This function predicted values that were in good agreement with the measured data. These results provide the foundation for a better understanding of the effect of thawed soil depth on slope hydrology, erosion and the parameterization scheme for hydrological and soil erosion models.  相似文献   
10.
The vertical position of the streambed–water boundary fluctuates during the course of sediment transport episodes, due to particle entrainment/deposition and bedform migration, amongst other hydraulic and bedload mechanisms. These vertical oscillations define a topmost stratum of the streambed (i.e. the ‘active layer or active depth’), which usually represents the main source of particles entrained during long and high-magnitude bedload transport episodes. The vertical extent of this layer is hence a capital parameter for the quantification of bedload volumes and a major driver of stream ecology in gravel-bed rivers. However, knowledge on how the active depth scales to flow strength and the nature of the different controls on the relation between the flow strength and the active depth is still scarce. In this paper we present a meta-analysis over active depth data coming from ~130 transport episodes extracted from a series of published field studies. We also incorporate our own field data for the rivers Ebro and Muga (unpublished), both in the Iberian Peninsula. We explore the database searching for the influence of flow strength, grain size, streambed mobility and channel morphology on the vertical extent of the active layer. A multivariate statistical analysis (stepwise multiple regression) confirms that the set of selected variables explains a significant amount of variance in the compiled variables. The analysis shows a positive scaling between active depth and flow strength. We have also identified some links between the active depth and particle travel distances. However, these relations are also largely modulated by other fluvial drivers, such as the grain size of the bed surface and the dominant channel macro-bedforms, with remarkable differences between plane-bed, step-pool and riffle-pool channels. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   
设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号