Describing alpine lake influence on stream network temperatures: A statistical modelling approach     

Samuel P. Carlson  Geoffrey C. Poole 《水文研究》2021,35(3):e14072

Systematic variations in atmospheric heat exchange, surface residence time, and groundwater influx across montane stream networks commonly produce an increasing stream temperature trend with decreasing elevation. However, complex stream temperature profiles that differ from this common longitudinal trend also exist, suggesting that stream temperatures may be influenced by complex interactions among hydrologic and atmospheric processes. Lakes within stream networks form one potential source of temperature profile complexity due to the spatially variable contribution of lake-sourced water to stream flow. We investigated temperature profile complexity in a multi-season stream temperature dataset collected across a montane stream network containing many alpine lakes. This investigation was performed by making comparisons between multiple statistical models that used different combinations of stream and lake characteristics to represent specific hypotheses for the controls on stream temperature. The compared models included a set of models which used a topographically derived estimate of the hydrologic influence of lakes to separate and quantify the effects of stream elevation and lake source-water contributions to longitudinal stream temperature patterns. This source-water mixing model provided a parsimonious explanation for complex stream-network temperature patterns in the summer and autumn, and this approach may be further applicable to other systems where stream temperatures are influenced by multiple water sources. Simpler models that discounted lake effects were more optimal during the winter and spring, suggesting that complex patterns in stream temperature profiles may emerge and subside temporally, across seasons, in response to diversity of water temperatures from different sources.  相似文献   

利用光变曲线估计猎鹰九号火箭末级的旋转状态研究     

苏向泽  汤儒峰  李荣旺  李语强 《天文研究与技术》2021,(2):203-212

光度观测是地基观测空间目标的主要手段之一,利用光度信息能够估计空间目标的相关特征信息。为了更好地了解空间目标的旋转状态,选取具有代表性的猎鹰九号火箭末级作为研究对象,由其光变信息研究旋转状态。首先利用云南天文台1.2 m光学望远镜获取猎鹰九号火箭末级的光度数据,再对目标星等进行斜距归一化,得到目标光变信息并分析目标星等随时间变化的曲线,估计大致的旋转周期,再由相位离散最小化方法计算会合周期。根据太阳、目标和测站之间的位置关系、惯性主轴指向、旋转轴指向、初始相位等因素,采用姿态旋转矩阵计算理论星等,利用最小二乘原则确定惯性主轴方向及初相角度、旋转轴指向。最后给出了猎鹰九号火箭末级的旋转周期、会合周期以及旋转轴指向等参数,为后续开展其他空间目标光度信息研究提供参考。  相似文献   

Numerical Simulation of Magnetic Reconnection Driven by the Laser Helmholtz Capacitor-coil Targets     

XU Shan-shan  MEI Zhi-xing  ZHONG Jia-yong  LIN Jun 《Chinese Astronomy and Astrophysics》2021,45(2):131-146

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Growing season evapotranspiration in boreal fens in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region: Variability and environmental controls     

Olena Volik  Eric Kessel  Adam Green  Richard Petrone  Jonathan Price 《水文研究》2021,35(2):e14020

Current efforts to assess changes to the wetland hydrology caused by growing anthropogenic pressures in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region (AOSR) require well-founded spatial and temporal estimates of actual evapotranspiration (ET), which is the dominant component of the water budget in this region. This study assessed growing season (May–September) and peak growing season (July) ET variability at a treed moderate-rich fen and treed poor fen (in 2013–2018), open poor fen (in 2011–2014), and saline fen (in 2015–2018) using eddy covariance technique and a set of complementary environmental data. Seasonal fluctuations in ET were positively related to net radiation, air temperature and vapour pressure deficit and followed trends typical for the Boreal Plains (BP) and AOSR with highest rates in June–July. However, no strong effect of water table position on ET was found. Strong surface control on ET is evident from lower ET values than potential evapotranspiration (PET); the lowest ET/PET was observed at saline fen, followed by open fen, moderately treed fen, and heavily treed fen, suggesting a strong influence of vegetation on water loss. In most years PET exceeded precipitation (P), and positive relations between P/PET and ET were observed with the highest July ET rates occurring under P/PET ~1. However, during months with P/PET > 1, increased P/PET was associated with decreased July ET. With respect to 30-year mean values of air temperature and P in the area, both dry and wet, cool and warm growing seasons (GS) were observed. No clear trends between ET values and GS wetness/coldness were found, but all wet GS were characterized by peak growing seasons with high daily ET variability.  相似文献   

Analytical investigation of the exact groundwater divide between rivers beyond the Dupuit–Forchheimer approximation     

Ruoyi Li  Xu-Sheng Wang 《水文研究》2021,35(2):e14036

The groundwater divide is a key feature of river basins and significantly influenced by subsurface hydrological processes. For an unconfined aquifer between two parallel rivers or ditches, it has long been defined as the top of the water table based on the Dupuit–Forchheimer approximation. However, the exact groundwater divide is subject to the interface between two local flow systems transporting groundwater to rivers from the infiltration recharge. This study contributes a new analytical model for two-dimensional groundwater flow between rivers of different water levels. The flownet is delineated in the model to identify groundwater flow systems and the exact groundwater divide. Formulas with two dimensionless parameters are derived to determine the distributed hydraulic head, the top of the water table and the groundwater divide. The locations of the groundwater divide and the top of the water table are not the same. The distance between them in horizontal can reach up to 8.9% of the distance between rivers. Numerical verifications indicate that simplifications in the analytical model do not significantly cause misestimates in the location of the groundwater divide. In contrast, the Dupuit–Forchheimer approximation yields an incorrect water table shape. The new analytical model is applied to investigate groundwater divides in the Loess Plateau, China, with a Monte Carlo simulation process taking into account the uncertainties in the parameters.  相似文献   

一种横观各向同性岩体蠕变模型     

李列列  管俊峰  肖明砾  刘海朝  唐克东 《岩土力学》2020,41(9):2922-2930

层状岩体由于层理面或者结构面的存在，在力学上具有横观各向同性的特点，现有的各向同性蠕变模型难以全面反映横观各向同性岩体的蠕变力学特性。为构建能够反映横观各向同性岩体的三维蠕变模型，以能反映瞬时应变、减速蠕变和稳态蠕变特征的黏弹性Burgers模型为基础，基于常泊松比假定，在三维各向同性蠕变本构方程的基础上，按照算子替换的方法，将横观各向同性柔度矩阵代替各向同性柔度矩阵，并考虑了平行和垂直层理方向岩体蠕变力学行为的差异性，推导了横观各向同性岩体的三维蠕变本构方程。根据本构方程的特点，提出了根据平行和垂直方向岩体蠕变试验结果进行三维蠕变本构模型中蠕变参数的辨识方法。将提出的模型应用于三轴蠕变试验参数辨识，从而获得了一套完整的三维蠕变参数，并与试验结果进行对比分析，从而验证了所提模型与方法的合理性和有效性。进一步，指出了传统蠕变试验设计方案的局限性，给出了横观各向同性材料蠕变试验设计建议。研究成果为研究岩体三维蠕变机制提供了新思路，可对岩体蠕变试验设计提供相应的科研支撑。  相似文献   

Large debris flows in Chosica,Lima, Peru: the application of hydraulic infrastructure for erosion control and disaster prevention     

S. P. Villacorta  K. G. Evans  K. Nakatani  I. Villanueva 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2020,67(3):425-436

Abstract

Large debris flows in steep-sloped ravines debouching to the Rimac River, in metropolitan Lima (Peruvian capital), have resulted in considerable loss of life and property adversely impacting communities in the region. Temporal, spatial and volumetric features of debris flows are difficult to predict, and it is of utmost importance that achievable management solutions are found to reduce the impact of these catastrophic events. The emotional and economic toll of these debris flows on this increasingly densely populated capital city in South America is devastating where communities must live in such inadequate and dangerous conditions. To address this problem, the application of advanced Japanese technology, Sustainable Actions Basin Orientation (SABO), has been investigated using a geomorphological modelling to develop an implementation plan. Rayos de Sol stream basin in Chosica, was selected as a pilot to develop the proposal, as it is considered high risk due to the presence of ancient debris flows and recent flows in 2012, 2015 and 2017. The recurrence of debris flows in this location has resulted in numerous deaths and catastrophic property losses. This study combines geologic and geomorphic mapping and hydraulic and landform evolution numerical modelling. The implementation of a SABO Master Plan based on the multidisciplinary assessment hazard scenarios, will allow the implementation of feasible mitigation actions. The SABO technology has been applied successfully in Japan and other countries in areas with steep short slopes, similar to the conditions surrounding the Peruvian capital. Results from this study will be presented to the Peruvian Government as part of an action plan to manage debris-flow impact.

1. KEY POINTS

2. High-risk mass slope failure is linked to poor urban planning in urban developing regions of Lima the capital of Peru.

3. A multidisciplinary study including geotechnical and hydrological analysis, engineering design, and socio-economic research is required to implement a SABO Master Plan, and this basin is pilot study basin.

4. At the present time, a maintenance programme for existing hydraulic structures should be implemented, and a flood risk management plan developed may propose the relocation of some communities and infrastructure.

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2020年1月19日新疆伽师MS6.4地震InSAR同震形变场特征及发震构造初步探讨     

温少妍  李成龙  李金 《内陆地震》2020,(1):1-9

基于Sentinel-1 SAR升、降影像,利用D-InSAR技术获取新疆伽师M S6.4地震的同震形变场,结果表明,本次地震引起的同震形变场整体呈近椭圆状分布,形变区东西长约66 km,南北宽约40 km,整个形变场由南部隆升区和北部沉降区组成,南部最大隆升量约7 cm,北部最大沉降量约3 cm。本次地震发生在块体俯冲界面处的低倾角逆冲推覆构造带上,隆升和沉降两个中心均位于逆冲推覆体的上盘,形变主要以隆升形变为主,符合低倾角逆断层中强震的变形特征。在沉降区与隆升区之间干涉条纹连续分布,未出现表征地表破裂位置的空间失相关带,表明地震未引起明显的地表破裂。结合震源机制、余震精定位及区域构造特征,初步推断认为伽师地震的发震构造可能为柯坪塔格推覆构造前缘的N倾的柯坪断裂。  相似文献   

双座串联大跨度斜拉桥粘滞阻尼器参数分析          下载免费PDF全文

沈文爱  黄鸣柳  朱宏平  何友娣  张强 《世界地震工程》2020,(4):155-162

以双座串联大跨度斜拉桥-珠海洪鹤大桥为背景，根据桥梁自振特性及场地效应，生成了三组人工波，采用纵向+2/3竖向的地震作用组合输入方式，通过非线性时程分析，系统的研究了粘滞阻尼器对双座串联大跨度斜拉桥减震性能的影响。同时为了确定粘滞阻尼器的最优参数，对粘滞阻尼器的阻尼系数C和速度指数α进行了参数敏感性分析。结果表明:设置纵向粘滞阻尼器能够显著减小双座串联斜拉桥的纵向位移响应，减小主梁在串联处发生碰撞的概率，同时改善主塔塔底结构受力情况，具有良好的耗能减震效果。综合考虑安全性、适用性和经济性等方面，最后给出针对洪鹤大桥的最优粘滞阻尼器参数:速度指数α为0.3，阻尼系数C为3 000kN/（m/s）^0.3。  相似文献   

地震应急指挥中心可视化中控系统的设计与实现     

林向洋  文鑫涛  高小跃  甄盟  郑通彦 《地震地磁观测与研究》2020,41(4):225-231

介绍地震应急指挥中心中控系统的建设情况，阐述了可视化智能中控系统的功能需求、逻辑结构和应用框架结构，分析了可视化智能中控系统的功能特点，并对中控系统的技术发展和应用进行展望。  相似文献