Hydrological trends and the evolution of catchment research in the Alptal valley,central Switzerland     

Manfred Stähli  Jan Seibert  James W. Kirchner  Jana von Freyberg  Ilja van Meerveld 《水文研究》2021,35(4):e14113

When the observation of small headwater catchments in the pre-Alpine Alptal valley (central Switzerland) started in the late 1960s, the researchers were mainly interested in questions related to floods and forest management. Investigations of geomorphological processes in the steep torrent channels followed in the 1980s, along with detailed observations of biogeochemical and ecohydrological processes in individual forest stands. More recently, research in the Alptal has addressed the impacts of climate change on water supply and runoff generation. In this article, we describe, for the first time, the evolution of catchment research at Alptal, and present new analyses of long-term trends and short-term hydrologic behaviour. Hydrometeorological time series from the past 50 years show substantial interannual variability, but only minimal long-term trends, except for the ~2°C increase in mean annual air temperature over the 50-year period, and a corresponding shift towards earlier snowmelt. Similar to previous studies in larger Alpine catchments, the decadal variations in mean annual runoff in Alptal's small research catchments reflect the long-term variability in annual precipitation. In the Alptal valley, the most evident hydrological trends were observed in late spring and are related to the substantial change in the duration of the snow cover. Streamflow and water quality are highly variable within and between hydrological events, suggesting rapid shifts in flow pathways and mixing, as well as changing connectivity of runoff-generating areas. This overview illustrates how catchment research in the Alptal has evolved in response to changing societal concerns and emerging scientific questions.  相似文献   

The GEOMON network of Czech catchments provides long-term insights into altered forest biogeochemistry: From acid atmospheric deposition to climate change     

Filip Oulehle  Milan Fischer  Jakub Hruška  Tomáš Chuman  Pavel Krám  Tomáš Navrátil  Miroslav Tesař  Miroslav Trnka 《水文研究》2021,35(5):e14204

In 1994, a network of small catchments (GEOMON) was established in the Czech Republic to determine input–output element fluxes in semi-natural forest ecosystems recovering from anthropogenic acidification. The network consists from 16 catchments and the primary observations of elements fluxes were complemented by monitoring of biomass stock, element pools in soil and vegetation, and the main water balance components. Over last three decades, reductions of SO₂, NO_x and NH₃ emissions were followed by sulphur (S) and nitrogen (N) deposition reductions of 75% and 30%, respectively. Steeper declines of strong acid anion concentrations compared to cations (Ca, Mg, Na, K, NH₄) in precipitation resulted in precipitation pH increase from 4.5 to 5.2 in bulk precipitation and from 4.0 to 5.1 in spruce throughfall. Stream chemistry responded to changes in deposition: S leaching declined. However at majority of catchments soils acted as a net source of S to runoff, delaying recovery. Stream pH increased at acidic streams (pH < 6) and aluminium concentration decreased. Stream nitrate (NO₃) concentration declined by 60%, considerably more than N deposition. Stream NO₃ concentration was tightly positively related to stream total dissolved nitrogen to total phosphorus (P) ratio, suggesting the role of P availability on N retention. Trends in dissolved organic carbon fluxes responded to both acidification recovery and to runoff temporal variation. An exceptional drought occurred between 2014 and 2019. Over this recent period, streamflow decreased by ≈ 40% on average compared to 1990s, due to the increases of soil evaporation and vegetation transpiration by ≈ 30% and declines in precipitation by ≈ 15% on average across the elevational gradient. Sharp decreases of stream runoff at catchments <650 m a.s.l. corresponded to areas of recent forest decline caused by bark beetle infestation on drought stressed spruce forests. Understanding of the interactions among legacies of acidification and eutrophication, drought effects on the water cycle and forest disturbance dynamics is requisite for effective management of forested ecosystems under anthropogenic influence.  相似文献   

东昆仑夏日哈木地区二长花岗岩年代学、地球化学特征及地质意义     

郭峰  王盘喜  卞孝东  冯乃琦 《中国地质调查》2020,7(6):51-60

东昆仑夏日哈木地区首次发现了早泥盆世二长花岗岩,对其开展年代学和地球化学特征研究,进一步探讨其岩石成因和构造地质背景。二长花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄为(412.1±5.7) Ma(MSWD=0.95),形成于早泥盆世早期; 岩石为过弱铝质亚碱性花岗岩,富SiO₂(含量为71.41%~72.46%)、K₂O(含量为5.27%~6.16%),贫Fe₂O₃(含量为1.86%~2.05%)、P₂O₅(含量为0.08%~0.12%),富集轻稀土元素,具明显的负Eu异常; 在原始地幔标准化微量元素蛛网图上可以看出,岩石明显富集Rb、Th、Zr、Hf,强烈亏损Nb、Sr、P、Ti、Ba。夏日哈木地区二长花岗岩属于I型花岗岩,其源岩可能由幔源岩浆底侵加热下地壳岩石致其部分熔融而形成,处于由同碰撞向后碰撞转换的构造环境,说明东昆仑夏日哈木地区在早泥盆世早期已进入伸展阶段。  相似文献   

东昆仑金水口地区格林威尔期超高温麻粒岩   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

何凡  宋述光 《岩石学报》2020,36(4):1030-1040

格林威尔期构造事件是了解罗迪尼亚超大陆形成的关键。本文报道了东昆仑造山带东段金水口地区古生代花岗岩中新发现二辉麻粒岩包体,其峰期变质矿物组合为单斜辉石+紫苏辉石+钙长石+石英+磁铁矿。通过锆石U-Pb测年,我们确定二辉麻粒岩样品的峰期变质年龄为995±34Ma,并受到泥盆纪(～417Ma)构造热事件的叠加改造。利用单斜辉石-斜方辉石温压计估算出该区二辉麻粒岩变质峰期温度867～1079℃,压力46～89kbar,属于低压超高温变质的温压范围,可能形成于高地温梯度的岛弧环境。该二辉麻粒岩是首次在东昆仑地区发现的格林威尔期超高温麻粒岩,代表罗迪尼亚超大陆汇聚过程中低压高温变质的产物。该发现对了解东昆仑造山带前寒武纪基底的构造属性和起源有重要意义。  相似文献   

气候变化对西藏湖泊变迁的影响(1973—2017)   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

闫立娟 《地球学报》2020,41(4):493-503

西藏湖泊众多,其水位和面积变化对气候波动有敏感记录。本文运用RS和GIS技术,以1973—1977年、1989—1992年、1999—2001年、2008—2010年和2017年5期遥感影像为底图矢量化了西藏所有湖泊边界,建立了湖泊空间数据库。以湖泊空间数据为基础,分析了1973—2017年西藏湖泊面积动态变化特征,结论如下:从20世纪70年代至2017年,西藏湖泊总面积持续增加,共增长了47.23%;从20世纪70年代至90年代,研究区北部和中部湖泊呈萎缩的趋势,其余地区呈扩张的趋势;从2000年至2017年,西藏湖泊呈持续扩张的趋势。另外,笔者分析了研究区年平均气温、年降雨量和年蒸发量的变化特征。1981—2017年,西藏气候向暖湿方向发展,主要表现为气温升高、降雨量增加和蒸发量减少。气候变化对不同地区不同时期湖泊变迁影响显著:(1)西藏北部和中部湖泊主要以冰川、冰雪融水和地表径流为主要补给源。20世纪70年代至90年代,气温和降雨量波动较小,引起这些地区湖泊萎缩的主要原因为冰川和冰雪融水补给的减少。(2)从20世纪90年代至2017年,气温和降雨量增加、蒸发量减少,导致研究区湖泊呈现全面扩张的趋势。  相似文献   

京津冀夏季强降水下冰云宏微观特征          下载免费PDF全文

郑倩  郑有飞  王立稳  李特  林彤  杜傢义 《干旱区地理》2019,42(1):67-76

根据Aqua MODIS 2级云产品和Cloudsat的2级产品资料，结合降水数据和MODIS L1B级辐射率数据，对发生在京津冀地区夏季的三次强降水过程中冰云的宏微观物理量的特征进行分析，并探究这些物理量和降水强度的关系。结果表明：在水平分布中，强降水过程中降水强度高值区内云相为冰云，冰云云顶高度在8~17 km，冰云粒子有效半径、冰云光学厚度、冰水路径分别最高可达60 μm、 150、 5 000 g?m^-2；冰云光学厚度、冰水路径、冰云云顶高度随降水强度增大而增大。在垂直分布中，冰云主要分布在3.5 km以上，发生强降水站点的冰云为深对流云，冰云粒子有效半径、冰水含量、冰云粒子数浓度分别最高可达150 μm、 3 000 mg?m^-3 、 500 L^-1；冰云粒子有效半径高值区存在于云层中下部，且随高度上升而减小，冰云粒子数浓度高值区存在于云层中上部，且随高度上升而增加，冰水含量高值区则存在于云层中部；冰云粒子有效半径、冰水含量、冰云粒子数浓度在9 km以上随降水强度增大而增大。  相似文献   

Access routes to high mountain huts facing climate-induced environmental changes and adaptive strategies in the Western Alps since the 1990s     

Jacques Mourey  Ludovic Ravanel  Christophe Lambiel  Joël Strecker  Mattia Piccardi 《Norsk geografisk tidsskrift. Norwegian journal of geography》2019,73(4):215-228

ABSTRACT

In the European Alps, high mountain environments are subject to major impacts resulting from climate change, which strongly affect human activities such as mountaineering. The purpose of the study was to examine changes in access routes to 30 high mountain huts in the Western Alps since the 1990s. Data were derived from the use of two different methods, geo-historical studies and a questionnaire, and were used to identify both the climate-related processes affecting the climbing routes and the strategies implemented by public entities, Alpine clubs, guide companies, and hut keepers to maintain acceptable safety and technical conditions. The case studies revealed issues affecting three access routes and the results from the questionnaire showed that the main processes affecting access routes were loss of ice thickness and retreat from the front of the glaciated areas. Commonly, in situ equipment was installed to facilitate access for mountaineers and/or a part of a route was relocated to a safer area. The authors conclude that in most cases, the measures were effective but they were limited by financial, ethical and legal issues, especially in protected or classified areas that could jeopardise their durability and effectiveness.  相似文献   

气候变化对中国观鸟旅游的影响——基于鸟类物候变化的分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

刘俊  黄莉  孙晓倩  李宁馨  张恒锦 《地理学报》2019,74(5):912-922

全球观鸟活动的规模达到了每年几千万人次,观鸟旅游已经成为世界野生动物观赏业的重要组成部分。气候变化改变了鸟类物候期及其空间格局,这不仅会影响观鸟者的旅游活动,还会进一步对观鸟旅游利益相关者的生计产生影响。监测并尽早地识别出这些影响,提醒利益相关者采取有效的适应策略意义重大。本文引入物候期这一气候变化的“指示器”来反映开展观鸟旅游的重要资源基础——鸟类活动时间以及栖息地格局的变化。通过对1980-2010年中国26个地区的98个物候序列的鸟类研究进行荟萃分析发现：中国鸟类离开、抵达、停留时间以及鸟类栖息地的格局都已经发生了改变。春季、夏季鸟类会提前离开或抵达,但在秋季它们的活动会延迟。鸟类停留的时间主要呈现延长的趋势。温度升高会使鸟类停留时间变长,对观鸟旅游的开展有利。中国低纬度地区和西部地区鸟类停留时间更长。鸟类栖息地的格局呈现出向北和向西迁移的特征。游客和景区工作人员均已感知到鸟类活动时间以及栖息地格局的变化对观鸟旅游产生的影响。  相似文献   

Vulnerable groups and preliminary insights into intersecting categories of identity in Laamu Atoll,Maldives     

Karen E. McNamara  Rachel Clissold 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2019,40(3):410-428

The notion of vulnerability has acquired a significant role in discussions around reducing risk and identifying vulnerable groups, which is particularly important for targeting risk‐reducing policy and practice. Through ten semi‐structured interviews with 24 stakeholders, this study collected local perceptions on the following groups considered most vulnerable in Laamu Atoll, Maldives: youth and children, women, the elderly, people with disabilities, displaced persons and migrants, and farmers. In doing this, the significance of intersecting categories of identity for understanding vulnerability emerged and was explored; an approach that is often absent or scarcely applied in studies that identify vulnerable groups in the Maldives and elsewhere. Intersections between location, youth and gender or disability, as well as gender and marital status emerged as relevant for the Laamu Atoll context. Although this study acknowledges the incompleteness of its intersectional analysis, these findings provide important preliminary insights into the role of intersectionality in shaping vulnerability experience. To enhance scholarship on vulnerability, future studies could further explore intersectionality in Laamu Atoll and the Maldives using this study as a base and also improve its practical applicability for policy and practice.  相似文献   

东海盆地中、新生代盆架结构与构造演化   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

刘金水  许怀智  蒋一鸣  王军  何新建 《地质学报》2020,94(3):675-691

基于地貌、钻井、岩石测年和地震等资料,分析盆地地层分布、盆架结构、构造单元划分和裂陷迁移规律,结果表明东海盆地由台北坳陷、舟山隆起、浙东坳陷、钓鱼岛隆褶带和冲绳坳陷构成,是以新生代沉积为主、中生代沉积为辅的大型中、新生代叠合含油气盆地;古元古代变质岩系构成了盆地的基底。该盆地不仅是印度-太平洋前后相继的动力体系作用下形成的西太平洋沟-弧-盆构造体系域一部分,而且也是古亚洲洋动力体系作用下形成的古亚洲洋构造域和特提斯洋动力体系作用下形成的特提斯洋构造域一部分,晚侏罗世至早白垩世经历了构造体制转换,盆地格局发生重大变革,早白垩世以前主要受古亚洲-特提斯洋构造体制影响的强烈挤压造山和地壳增厚作用演变为早白垩世以来主要受太平洋构造体制控制的陆缘伸展裂陷和岩石圈减薄作用,经历侏罗纪古亚洲-特提斯构造体制大陆边缘拗陷和白垩纪以来太平洋构造体制弧后裂陷两大演化阶段。白垩纪以来太平洋构造体制的弧后裂陷演化阶段可细分为早白垩世至始新世裂陷期、渐新世至晚中新世拗陷期和中新世末至全新世裂陷期。  相似文献