Connectivity of post-fire runoff and sediment from nested hillslopes and watersheds     

Codie Wilson  Stephanie K. Kampf  Sandra Ryan  Tim Covino  Lee H. MacDonald  Hunter Gleason 《水文研究》2021,35(1):e13975

Wildfire increases the potential connectivity of runoff and sediment throughout watersheds due to greater bare soil, runoff and erosion as compared to pre-fire conditions. This research examines the connectivity of post-fire runoff and sediment from hillslopes (< 1.5 ha; n = 31) and catchments (< 1000 ha; n = 10) within two watersheds (< 1500 ha) burned by the 2012 High Park Fire in northcentral Colorado, USA. Our objectives were to: (1) identify sources and quantify magnitudes of post-fire runoff and erosion at nested hillslopes and watersheds for two rain storms with varied duration, intensity and antecedent precipitation; and (2) assess the factors affecting the magnitude and connectivity of runoff and sediment across spatial scales for these two rain storms. The two summer storms that are the focus of this research occurred during the third summer after burning. The first storm had low intensity rainfall over 11 hours (return interval <1–2 years), whereas the second event had high intensity rainfall over 1 hour (return interval <1–10 years). The lower intensity storm was preceded by high antecedent rainfall and led to low hillslope sediment yields and channel incision at most locations, whereas the high intensity storm led to infiltration-excess overland flow, high sediment yields, in-stream sediment deposition and channel substrate fining. For both storms, hillslope-to-stream sediment delivery ratios and area-normalised cross-sectional channel change increased with the percent of catchment that burned at high severity. For the high intensity storm, hillslope-to-stream sediment delivery ratios decreased with unconfined channel length (%). The findings quantify post-fire connectivity and sediment delivery from hillslopes and streams, and highlight how different types of storms can cause varying magnitues and spatial patterns of sediment transport and deposition from hillslopes through stream channel networks.  相似文献   

Exploring the stemflow dynamics and driving factors at both inter- and intra-event scales in a typical subtropical deciduous forest     

Haixia Zhang  Congsheng Fu  Aimin Liao  Can Zhang  Jiufu Liu  Niu Wang  Bin He 《水文研究》2021,35(3):e14091

Numerous efforts have been made to understand stemflow dynamics under different types of vegetation at the inter-event scale, but few studies have explored the stemflow characteristics and corresponding influencing factors at the intra-event scale. An in-depth investigation of the inter- and intra-event dynamics of stemflow is important for understanding the ecohydrological processes in forest ecosystems. In this study, stemflow volume (F_V), stemflow funnelling ratio (F_R), and stemflow ratio (F_%) from Quercus acutissima and Broussonetia papyrifera trees were measured at both inter- and intra-event scales in a subtropical deciduous forest, and the driving factors, including tree species and meteorological factors were further explored. Specifically, the F_V, F_R and F_% of Q. acutissima (52.3 L, 47.2, 9.6%) were lower than those of B. papyrifera (85.1 L, 91.2, 12.4%). The effect of tree species on F_V and F_% was more obvious under low intensity rainfall types. At the inter-event scale, F_V had a strong positive linear correlation with rainfall amount (G_P) and event duration (D_E) for both tree species, whereas F_R and F_% had a positive logarithmic correlation with G_P and D_E only under high-intensity, short-duration rainfall type. F_R and F_% were mainly affected by wind speed and the maximum 30-min rainfall intensity under low-intensity, long-duration rainfall type. At the intra-event scale, for both tree species, the mean lag time between the start of rainfall and stemflow was the shortest under high-intensity, short-duration rainfall type, while the mean duration and amount of stemflow after rain cessation were the greatest under high-amount, long-duration rainfall type. The relationship between stemflow intensity and rainfall intensity at the 5-min interval scale also depended greatly on rainfall type. These findings can help clarify stemflow dynamics and driving factors at both inter- and intra-event scales, and also provide abundant data and parameters for ecohydrological simulations in subtropical forests.  相似文献   

A two-layer model for studying 2D dissolved pollutant runoff over impermeable surfaces     

Taotao Zhang  Yang Xiao  Dongfang Liang  Hongwu Tang  Junzeng Xu  Saiyu Yuan  Nairu Wang  Bin Luan 《水文研究》2021,35(5):e14152

Dissolved pollutants in stormwater are a main contributor to water pollution in urban environments. However, many existing transport models are semi-empirical and only consider one-dimensional flows, which limit their predictive capacity. Combining the shallow water and the advection–diffusion equations, a two-dimensional physically based model is developed for dissolved pollutant transport by adopting the concept of a ‘control layer’. A series of laboratory experiments has been conducted to validate the proposed model, taking into account the effects of buildings and intermittent rainfalls. The predictions are found to be in good agreement with experimental observations, which supports the assumption that the depth of the control layer is constant. Based on the validated model, a parametric study is conducted, focusing on the characteristics of the pollutant distribution and transport rate over the depth. The hyetograph, including the intensity, duration and intermittency, of rainfall event has a significant influence on the pollutant transport rates. The depth of the control layer, rainfall intensity, surface roughness and area length are dominant factors that affect the dissolved pollutant transport. Finally, several perspectives of the new pollutant transport model are discussed. This study contributes to an in-depth understanding of the dissolved pollutant transport processes on impermeable surfaces and urban stormwater management.  相似文献   

An experimental investigation of the effects of thawed soil depth on rill flow velocity     

Xiaofeng Gao  Xiaonan Shi  Tingwu Lei  Huaqing Liu  Jiahui Yang 《水文研究》2021,35(2):e14043

Water flow velocity is an important hydraulic variable in hydrological and soil erosion models, and is greatly affected by freezing and thawing of the surface soil layer in cold high-altitude regions. The accurate measurement of rill flow velocity when impacted by the thawing process is critical to simulate runoff and sediment transport processes. In this study, an electrolyte tracer modelling method was used to measure rill flow velocity along a meadow soil slope at different thaw depths under simulated rainfall. Rill flow velocity was measured using four thawed soil depths (0, 1, 2 and 10 cm), four slope gradients (5°, 10°, 15° and 20°) and four rainfall intensities (30, 60, 90 and 120 mm·h⁻¹). The results showed that the increase in thawed soil depth caused a decrease in rill flow velocity, whereby the rate of this decrease was also diminishing. Whilst the rill flow velocity was positively correlated with slope gradient and rainfall intensity, the response of rill flow velocity to these influencing factors varied with thawed soil depth. The mechanism by which thawed soil depth influenced rill flow velocity was attributed to the consumption of runoff energy, slope surface roughness, and the headcut effect. Rill flow velocity was modelled by thawed soil depth, slope gradient and rainfall intensity using an empirical function. This function predicted values that were in good agreement with the measured data. These results provide the foundation for a better understanding of the effect of thawed soil depth on slope hydrology, erosion and the parameterization scheme for hydrological and soil erosion models.  相似文献   

Large debris flows in Chosica,Lima, Peru: the application of hydraulic infrastructure for erosion control and disaster prevention     

S. P. Villacorta  K. G. Evans  K. Nakatani  I. Villanueva 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2020,67(3):425-436

Abstract

Large debris flows in steep-sloped ravines debouching to the Rimac River, in metropolitan Lima (Peruvian capital), have resulted in considerable loss of life and property adversely impacting communities in the region. Temporal, spatial and volumetric features of debris flows are difficult to predict, and it is of utmost importance that achievable management solutions are found to reduce the impact of these catastrophic events. The emotional and economic toll of these debris flows on this increasingly densely populated capital city in South America is devastating where communities must live in such inadequate and dangerous conditions. To address this problem, the application of advanced Japanese technology, Sustainable Actions Basin Orientation (SABO), has been investigated using a geomorphological modelling to develop an implementation plan. Rayos de Sol stream basin in Chosica, was selected as a pilot to develop the proposal, as it is considered high risk due to the presence of ancient debris flows and recent flows in 2012, 2015 and 2017. The recurrence of debris flows in this location has resulted in numerous deaths and catastrophic property losses. This study combines geologic and geomorphic mapping and hydraulic and landform evolution numerical modelling. The implementation of a SABO Master Plan based on the multidisciplinary assessment hazard scenarios, will allow the implementation of feasible mitigation actions. The SABO technology has been applied successfully in Japan and other countries in areas with steep short slopes, similar to the conditions surrounding the Peruvian capital. Results from this study will be presented to the Peruvian Government as part of an action plan to manage debris-flow impact.

1. KEY POINTS

2. High-risk mass slope failure is linked to poor urban planning in urban developing regions of Lima the capital of Peru.

3. A multidisciplinary study including geotechnical and hydrological analysis, engineering design, and socio-economic research is required to implement a SABO Master Plan, and this basin is pilot study basin.

4. At the present time, a maintenance programme for existing hydraulic structures should be implemented, and a flood risk management plan developed may propose the relocation of some communities and infrastructure.

  相似文献   

基于小波变换与神经网络的石羊河流域夏季地温预测模型研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

贾东于  李开明  聂晓英  袁春霞  李清峰  高福元 《冰川冻土》2020,42(2):412-422

地温变化在气候反馈效应中起着重要作用， 理解地温及其与影响因素之间的时空关系对预测全球温度变化至关重要。利用1998 - 2017年石羊河流域的逐日常规气象观测资料， 采用小波分析结合BP（Back Propagation）神经网络构建了石羊河流域夏季地温预报模型， 结果表明： 日平均地温预测效果在不同站点均为最佳， 其中预测值和观测值的相关系数均大于0.87， 3 ℃以内的预测概率均大于84%。其中， 民勤地区地温预测效果最好， 预测值和观测值的相关系数达到0.91， 3 ℃以内的预测概率达到86%。日最高地温的预测值与观测值的相关系数高于0.8， 但误差平方和、 标准差较大。永昌地区日最高地温的模拟效果最好， 3 ℃以内的预测概率达到83%。日最低地温的预测与观测值的平均相关系数高于0.66， 3 ℃以内的预报概率高于83%， 但预测值略低。其中， 武威地区日最低地温的预测效果最好， 预测值与观测值的相关系数为0.72， 3 ℃以内的预测概率达到94%。研究成果可为有效弥补干旱、 半干旱区地温观测资料缺失和探讨其与局地气候的关系提供一些参考。  相似文献   

First Multi‐Isotopic (Pb‐Nd‐Sr‐Zn‐Cu‐Fe) Characterisation of Dust Reference Materials (ATD and BCR‐723): A Multi‐Column Chromatographic Method Optimised to Trace Mineral and Anthropogenic Dust Sources     

Aubry Vanderstraeten  Steeve Bonneville  Stefania Gili  Jeroen de Jong  Wendy Debouge  Philippe Claeys  Nadine Mattielli 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2020,44(2):307-329

Atmospheric dust is an integral component of the Earth system with major implications for the climate, biosphere and public health. In this context, identifying and quantifying the provenance and the processes generating the various types of dust found in the atmosphere is paramount. Isotopic signatures of Pb, Nd, Sr, Zn, Cu and Fe are commonly used as sensitive geochemical tracers. However, their combined use is limited by the lack of (a) a dedicated chromatographic protocol to separate the six elements of interest for low‐mass samples and (b) specific reference materials for dust. Indeed, our work shows that USGS rock reference materials BHVO‐2, AGV‐2 and G‐2 are not applicable as substitute reference materials for dust. We characterised the isotopic signatures of these six elements in dust reference materials ATD and BCR‐723, representatives of natural and urban environments, respectively. To achieve this, we developed a specific procedure for dust, applicable in the 4–25 mg mass range, to separate the six elements using a multi‐column ion‐exchange chromatographic method and MC‐ICP‐MS measurements.  相似文献   

地缘政治视角下中亚“颜色革命”易发程度分析     

李希雅  王礼茂 《世界地理研究》2019,28(6):42-49

基于地缘政治视角，分析本世纪初发生在原苏联地区“颜色革命”的诱发因素，认为美国根据其地缘战略格局对“颜色革命”发生地存在一定程度的主观选择性，国家内部经济、政治、社会等层面的矛盾也同样作为发生背景。在中亚地缘格局动态分析的基础上，结合中亚五国形势，从时间和空间双重维度对中亚地区未来发生“颜色革命”的可能性进行识别与评判，得出1) 整体来看，中亚近期内爆发“颜色革命”可能性较小，但从长远来看不能掉以轻心。2)土、乌未来稳定可期，塔、吉、哈需谨防“颜色革命”卷土重来。  相似文献   

利用InSAR资料反演宁洱Ms6.4地震震源参数及库仑应力变化     

陈晨月  冯光财  高华  杨怀宁 《大地测量与地球动力学》2019,39(3):295-301

首先利用ALOS PALSAR数据，通过D-InSAR技术获取2007-06-03云南宁洱MS6.4地震的同震形变场，然后基于Okada弹性半空间位错模型反演该地震的断层几何以及精细滑动分布，最后计算宁洱地震后周边断层的静态库仑应力变化。结果表明，形变主要集中在西盘，最大视线向形变量为51.6 cm；反演得到的震源位置为23.05°N、101.02°E，深度3 km，断层走向145°，倾向49.5°，平均滑动角153°，发震断层为NNW向普洱断裂，断层活动以右旋走滑为主，兼具逆冲分量；断层面最大滑动量为1.2 m，反演得到的震级为MW619。基于库仑应力场发现，磨黑断裂处于库仑应力增加区域，而2014年景谷地震位于负值区域。结合实地考察资料和反演结果表明，宁洱地震为浅源地震，但断层并未出露地表。  相似文献   

基于GPS和水准数据的微粒群算法联合反演祁连山北缘断裂三维滑动速率     

刘杰 《大地测量与地球动力学》2019,39(9):906-909

将微粒群算法与位错理论模型相结合，采用中国地壳运动观测网络提供的青藏高原地区2001~2004年GPS测量数据和2000~2006年水准测量数据，通过常规定权和附有相对权比的方法对祁连山北缘断裂的三维滑动速率进行联合反演，并与蚁群算法反演结果进行对比。结果表明，微粒群算法收敛速度快、稳定性高，结合经典位错理论模型，是一种可以有效求解断层三维滑动速率反演问题的优化算法，在大地测量反演领域极具应用潜力。  相似文献